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biosystems 1
biosystems
45
Biology
Graduate
09/14/2011

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Term
complementarity
Definition
explains that the function of an organ, organ system, etc. depends on its structure. ex. structure of bone allows it to function as the body's support
Term
hierarchy
Definition
arrangement of objects, people, elements, etc in a ranked or graduated series. link entities either directly or indirectly.
Term
non-nested hierarchies
Definition
pyramidal structure.
higher levels control the components of lower levels.
levels may interact but are physically independent.
ex. military ranks
Term
nested hierarchies (inclusion hierarchy)
Definition
not necessarily pyramidal in structure.
each level has distinct members that are a subsystem of a larger system.
levels are not independent.
ex. human body
Term
emergence
Definition
concept that when members of nested hierarchies are combined, new properties emerge that were not present at the lower level.
Term
emergent property
Definition
property of a structure that emerges at a higher level of organization
Term
weak emergence
Definition
emergence of properties that can be directly linked to properties of the component. (not something completely new).
ex. protein structure
Term
strong emergence
Definition
emergence of properties that cannot be directly linked to the properties of the component. (completely new)
ex. communication between neurons.
Term
variable
Definition
factor or event being regulated
Term
stimulus
Definition
change in variable
Term
receptor or sensor
Definition
monitors the environment and responds to change
Term
effector
Definition
receives signal from control center and elicits a response from the variable.
Term
superior (cranial)
Definition
toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above
Term
anatomical position
Definition
body erect, fleet slightly apart, palms facing forwards.
left and right refer to sides of the subject, not the observer
Term
inferior (caudal)
Definition
away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below
Term
ventral (anterior)
Definition
toward or at the front of the body; in front of
Term
dorsal (posterior)
Definition
toward or at the back of the body; behind
Term
medial
Definition
toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
Term
lateral
Definition
away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
Term
intermediate
Definition
between a more medial and a more lateral structure
Term
proximal
Definition
closer to the origin of the body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Term
distal
Definition
farther from the origin of a body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Term
superficial (external)
Definition
toward or at the body surface
Term
deep (internal)
Definition
away from the body surface; more internal
Term
axial division
Definition
head, neck and trunk
Term
appendicular division
Definition
limbs
Term
sagittal plane
Definition
divides body vertically into right and left parts.
produces a sagittal section
Term
midsagittal (median) plane
Definition
lies on midline
Term
parasagittal plane
Definition
not on midline
Term
frontal (coronal) plane
Definition
divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts
Term
transverse (horizontal) plane
Definition
divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts.
produces a cross section
Term
oblique section
Definition
cuts made diagonally
Term
dorsal cavity
Definition
protects nervous system. two subdivisions cranial and vertebral.
Term
cranial cavity
Definition
encases brain
Term
vertebral cavity
Definition
encases spinal cord
Term
ventral cavity
Definition
houses internal organs (viscera). two subdivisions thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
Term
pleural cavity
Definition
subdivision of thoracic cavity. two cavities- each houses a lung
Term
mediastinum cavity
Definition
subdivision of thoracic cavity. contains pericardial cavity. surrounds thoracic organs.
Term
pericardial cavity
Definition
encloses heart
Term
abdominal cavity
Definition
subdivision of abdominopelvic cavity.
contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver
Term
pelvic cavity
Definition
subdivision of abdominopelvic cavity.
contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum, and lower large intestine
Term
serous membrane (serosa)
Definition
thin, double-layered membrane separated by serous fluid. smooth and shiny
Term
parietal serosa
Definition
lines internal body walls.
parietal pericardium, pleura and peritoneum.
Term
visceral serosa
Definition
covers internal organs.
visceral pericardium, pleura, and peritoneum
Term
control center
Definition
receives signal from sensor and determines appropriate response
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