Term
| What are the functional requirements of the lower limb? |
|
Definition
Weight bearing
Locomotion
Maintenance of equilibrium |
|
|
Term
| Where does the great saphenous vein arise from? |
|
Definition
| The medial end of the dorsal venous arch of the foot |
|
|
Term
| The accessory saphenous vein does what? |
|
Definition
| Drains the superficial fascia and the skin of the medial side of the thigh |
|
|
Term
| Three small superficial veins join the great saphenous vein near the proximal end, what are the names of these veins? |
|
Definition
Superficial external pudendal
Superficial epigastric
Superficial circumflex iliac |
|
|
Term
| What are varicose veins, why does it occur? |
|
Definition
| Superficial veins and perforating veins have valves to prevent backflow of blood. If these valves become incompetent, then the veins become distended. |
|
|
Term
| The great saphenous vein is used in grafting vessels in a coronary artery byass surgery. Why is the distal end of the vein used to attach to the aorta and not the proximal? |
|
Definition
| The distal end of the vein is attached to the aorta, so that the valves in the vein do not impeded the flow of blood. It reverses the blood flow in the vein. |
|
|
Term
| The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve innervates what? |
|
Definition
| The skin of the lateral thigh |
|
|
Term
| What do the anterior cutaneous branches of the femoral nerve innervate? |
|
Definition
| Innervate the skin of the anterior thigh |
|
|
Term
| What do the cutaneous branches of the obturator nerve innervate? |
|
Definition
| The skin of the medial thigh |
|
|
Term
| The superficial inguinal lymph nodes can be seperated into two groups, what are they? |
|
Definition
| Horizontal group Vertical group |
|
|
Term
| The superficial inguinal lymph nodes collect lymph from where? |
|
Definition
| The lower limb, inferior part of the abdominal wall, gluteal region, perineum, and external genitalia |
|
|
Term
| The superficial inguinal lymph nodes drain where? |
|
Definition
| Into the deep inguinal lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the deep facia in the thigh region? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The lateral portion of fascia lata is particularly strong and is called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There are 3 fascial compartments of the thigh, what are they? |
|
Definition
Anterior (extensor)
Medial (adductor)
Posterior (flexor) |
|
|
Term
| The anterior compartment of the thigh contains how many muscles, and what are they? |
|
Definition
5 muscles
Sartorius
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus medialis |
|
|
Term
| The quadriceps femoris muscle is made up of what muscles? |
|
Definition
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus medialis |
|
|
Term
| The shared action of the anterior thigh is what motion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major blood supply to the lower limb that passes through the anterior compartment of the the thigh? |
|
Definition
Femoral artery
Deep femoral artery |
|
|
Term
| The great saphenous vein drains into what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The femoral triangle is bounded by what? |
|
Definition
Inguinal ligament (superiorly)
Sartorius muscle (laterally)
Adductor longus (medially) |
|
|
Term
| What is the base of the femoral triangle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the contents of the femoral triangle? |
|
Definition
Femoral nerve
Femoral artery
Femoral vein
Femoral sheath |
|
|
Term
| The femoral sheath is subdivided into 3 compartments, what are they? |
|
Definition
Lateral (containing the femoral artery)
Intermediate (cont' the femoral vein)
Medial (containing lymphatics) |
|
|
Term
| What is the femoral sheath? |
|
Definition
| Fascia into the thigh that envelops the proximal end of the femoral artery, femoral vein, and some deep inguinal lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| The lateral to medial arrangement of structures that pass under the inguinal ligament are what 4 structures? |
|
Definition
Lateral to medial:
Nerve (femoral)
Artery (femoral)
Vein (femoral)
Lymphatics
(NAVL) |
|
|
Term
| The medial compartment of the femoral sheath is also called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The femoral canal's proximal opening into the abdominal cavity is called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A femoral hernia may occur where, and why is dangerous to have a femoral hernia? |
|
Definition
| The femoral ring is a site for possible herniation. A femoral hernia may become strangulated due to the inflexibilty of the inguinal ligament |
|
|
Term
| Three small arteries arise from the femoral artery, what are they? |
|
Definition
Superficial external pudendal artery
Superficial epigastric artery
Superficial circumflex iliac artery |
|
|
Term
| Three large arteries arise within the femoral triangle, what are they? |
|
Definition
Deep artery of the thigh (deep femoral artery & profunda femoris artery)
Lateral circumflex femoral artery
Medial circumflex femoral artery |
|
|
Term
| Inferior to the apex of the femoral triangle, the femoral artery courses distally between what two muscles? |
|
Definition
The sartorius
Adductor longus |
|
|
Term
| The deep artery of the thigh supplies what? |
|
Definition
| The medial and posterior compartments of the thigh |
|
|
Term
| The lateral circumflex femoral artery usually arises from where? |
|
Definition
| The deep artery of the thigh, very close to the femoral artery |
|
|
Term
| The lateral circumflex femoral artery supplies what? |
|
Definition
| The muscles and soft tissues of the lateral part of the thigh |
|
|
Term
| The lateral circumflex artery has 3 branches, what are they? |
|
Definition
Ascending branch
Transverse branch
Descending branch |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the 3 branches of the lateral circumflex humeral artery? |
|
Definition
They all participate in an anastomisis:
Ascending branch - Anastamoses with the superior gluteal artery
Transverse branch - anastomosis with the medial circumflex femoral artery
Descending branch - anastomoses with the genicular arteries of the knee |
|
|
Term
| Where does the medial circumflex femoral artery usally arise from? |
|
Definition
| The deep artery of the thigh close to the femoral artery |
|
|
Term
| The medial circumflex femoral artery is an important blood suppyler to what? |
|
Definition
| The head and neck of the femur |
|
|
Term
| The floor of the femoral triangle is formed by what? |
|
Definition
| Iliopsoas muscle and pectineus |
|
|
Term
| What muscles make up the iliopsoas muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the proximal attachment of iliacus and psoas major? |
|
Definition
Iliacus: The illiac fossa and the
Psoas Major: The transverse processes and vertabrae T12 to L5 |
|
|
Term
| What is the distal attachment of the iliopsoas muscle? |
|
Definition
| The lesser trochanter of the femur |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the iliopsoas muscle? |
|
Definition
| It is a strong flexor of the thigh |
|
|
Term
| What is the proximal attachment of the pectineus muscle? |
|
Definition
| The pecten pubis and the superior ramus of the pubis |
|
|
Term
| What is the distal attachment of the pectineus muscle? |
|
Definition
| Pectineal line of the femur |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the pectineus muscle? |
|
Definition
| Adducts and flexes the thigh |
|
|
Term
| What does the femoral nerve innervate? |
|
Definition
| The anterior thigh muscles and the skin of the anterior thigh |
|
|
Term
| Where does the adductor canal begin and end? |
|
Definition
Begins at the apex of the femoral triangle
Ends at the adductor hiatus |
|
|
Term
| What is the proximal attachment of the sartorius muscle? |
|
Definition
| The anterior superior iliac spine |
|
|
Term
| What is the distal attachment of the sartorius muscle? |
|
Definition
| The medial surface of the proximal tibia |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of sartorius muscle? |
|
Definition
| It flexes and laterally rotates the thigh and flexes the leg |
|
|
Term
| The femoral vein lies posterior or anterior to the femoral artery? |
|
Definition
| The femoral vein lies posterior to the femoral artery |
|
|
Term
| The femoral artery goes through the adductor hiatus, where its name changes to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the saphenous nerve innervate? |
|
Definition
| Is a cutaneous nerve that innervates the skin of the medial side of the leg, ankle, and foot |
|
|
Term
| The four parts of the quadriceps femoris muscle are what? |
|
Definition
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedialis
Vastus medialis |
|
|
Term
| The tendons of all four quadriceps femoris muscles unite to form what? |
|
Definition
| The quadriceps femoris tendon |
|
|
Term
| The quadriceps femoris tendon is attached to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The patellar ligament attaches where? |
|
Definition
| The patella and the tibial tuberosity |
|
|
Term
| The "ultimate" attachment of the quadriceps femoris is the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the patellar tendon reflex test? |
|
Definition
| The function of the femoral nerve and spinal cord segments L2 - L4 |
|
|
Term
| What is the proximal attachment of the rectus femoris muscle? |
|
Definition
| The anterior inferior iliac spine |
|
|
Term
| What is the distal attachment of the rectus femoris? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the rectus femoris? |
|
Definition
| It flexes the thigh and extends the leg |
|
|
Term
| What is the proximal attachment of the vastus lateralis muscle? |
|
Definition
| The lateral lip of the linea aspera and the greater trochanter of the femur |
|
|
Term
| What is the distal attachment of the vastus lateralis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of vastus lateralis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the proximal attachment of vastus medialis? |
|
Definition
| The medial lip of the linea aspera of the femur and the intertrochanteric line |
|
|
Term
| What is the distal attachment of the vastus medialis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of vastus medialis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the proximal attachment of vastus intermedius? |
|
Definition
| The anterior and lateral surfaces of the femur |
|
|
Term
| What is the distal attachment of vastus intermedius? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the vastus intermedius? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the femoral nerve innervate? |
|
Definition
Sartorius muscle
Pectineus muscle
Quadriceps femoris |
|
|
Term
| All muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh are innervated by what nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The medial compartment of the thigh is made up by what muscles? |
|
Definition
Gracilis
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Pectineus
Adductor magnus
Obturator externus |
|
|
Term
| The medial compartment of the thigh shares a function, what is it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The medial compartment of the thigh is also known as what? |
|
Definition
| Adductor group of the thigh |
|
|
Term
| The proximal attachment of the gracilis muscle is what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The distal attachment of the gracilis muscle is what? |
|
Definition
| The medial epicondyle of the tibia |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the gracilis? |
|
Definition
| Adducts the thigh and assists in flexion of the leg |
|
|
Term
| What is the distal attachment of the pectineus muscle? |
|
Definition
| Pectineal line (linea aspera of the femur) |
|
|
Term
| What is the distal attachment of th eadductor longus muscle? |
|
Definition
| Pectineal line (linea aspera of the femur) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the pectineus muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of adductor longus muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the proximal attachment of adductor brevis? |
|
Definition
| The body of the inferior ramus of the pubis |
|
|
Term
| What is the distal attachment of the adductor brevis muscle? |
|
Definition
| The pectineal line and linea aspera of the femur |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of adductor brevis muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the proximal attachment of the adductor magnus muscle? |
|
Definition
| Ischiopubic ramus and the ischial tuberosity |
|
|
Term
| What are the distal attachments of the adductor magnus muscle? |
|
Definition
| Gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera, medial supracondylar line, and adductor tubercle of the femur |
|
|
Term
| What is the ischiocondylar portion of the adductor magnus muscle? |
|
Definition
| It is the most medial part (the part that attaches to the adductor tubercle) and it is innervated by the tibial division of the sciatic nerve rather than the obturator nerve |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of adductor magnus? |
|
Definition
| Adducts and extends the thigh |
|
|
Term
| What is the reason for the adductor hiatus? |
|
Definition
| The femoral artery and vein pass from the anterior compartment to the posterior compartment of the thigh through the adductor hiatus |
|
|
Term
| What is the proximal attachment of the obturator externus muscle? |
|
Definition
| The superior pubic ramus, ischiopubic ramus, and the external surface of the obturator membrane |
|
|
Term
| What is the distal attachment of the obturator externus muscle? |
|
Definition
| Into the trochanteric fossa on the medial side of the greater trochanter of the femur |
|
|
Term
| What nerve innervates MOST muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the exceptions to the obturator nerve innervating the medial compartment of the thigh |
|
Definition
The pectineus muscle recieves motor innervation from the femoral and obturator nerves
The ischiocondylar portion of adductor magnus is innervated by the tibial division of the sciatic nerve |
|
|
Term
| What vein is used to graft vessels in coronary bypass surgery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the skeleton of the pelvis made up of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The hip bones are constructed of three fused bones, what are they and they all meet at what landmark? |
|
Definition
Ischium, Ilium, & Pubis
Acetabulum |
|
|
Term
| How many iliac spines are there, and what are there names? |
|
Definition
Posterior superior iliac spine
Posterior inferior iliac spine
Anterior superior iliac spine
Anterior inferior iliac spine |
|
|
Term
| The ischiofemoral ligament joins what two structures? |
|
Definition
| Acetabulum to the neck of the femur |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Psoas Minor? |
|
Definition
| Flexion of Pelvis & Spine |
|
|
Term
| What is the longest muscle in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of gluteus maximus? |
|
Definition
| Extends thigh & assists w/external rotation of the hip |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of gluteus medius and minimus? |
|
Definition
| Abduct thigh & internal rotation - stability |
|
|
Term
| What is the largest nerve in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the sciatic nerve innervate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The sciatic nerve courses behind the knee, branches, and becomes what? |
|
Definition
| The tibial nerve & common fibular divisions (2 branches: deep & superficial) |
|
|
Term
| The deep branch of the common fibular division innervates what? |
|
Definition
| Anterior compartment of leg |
|
|
Term
| The superficial branch of the fibular division innervates what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adductor muscles are supplied by what nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The gluteal muscles are innervated by what nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Quadriceps femoris & Hip flexor muscles (iliopsoas) are innervated by what nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the movements of the knee? |
|
Definition
Flexion: 120-150 degrees
Extension: 5-10 degrees
Internal rotation: 10 degrees
External rotation: 30-40 degrees |
|
|
Term
| Name the collateral ligaments of the knee. |
|
Definition
Medial (tibial)
Lateral (fibular) |
|
|
Term
| What are the intra-articular lligaments of the knee? |
|
Definition
Anterior cruciate ligament
Posterior cruciate ligament |
|
|
Term
| What are the menisci of the knee? |
|
Definition
| Fibro cartilage between the condyles and tibial plateau |
|
|
Term
| What is the shape of the Medial meniscus; what is the shape of the lateral meniscus? |
|
Definition
Medial: C-shaped
Lateral: O-shaped |
|
|
Term
| How many horns does the medial meniscus have and where do they attach? |
|
Definition
2 horns: Anterior and Posterior
The attach at the tibia |
|
|
Term
| The medial collateral ligament joins what two bones, and what type of force does it prevent? |
|
Definition
Femur and Tibia
Prevents Valgus force |
|
|
Term
| The lateral collateral ligament joins what two bones and what type of force does it prevent? |
|
Definition
Femur and fibula
Prevents varus force |
|
|
Term
| What do most ACL injuries occur? |
|
Definition
Most ACL injuries are non-contact.
Running and cutting sharply in an erect posture, landing from a jump without bending the knees sufficiently |
|
|
Term
| What are the cardinal signs of an ACL injury? |
|
Definition
Hear a "pop"
Immediate swelling
Knee "giving way" |
|
|
Term
| How many bursae are around the knee? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Genicular branches from popliteal artery supply what? |
|
Definition
| The cruciate ligaments, synovial membranes, and peripheral margins of the menisci |
|
|
