Term
|
Definition
| sum total of all chemical reactions that occur w/in an organism |
|
|
Term
| What else can metabolism refer to? |
|
Definition
| specific chemical reactions at the cellular level |
|
|
Term
| What are two factors that govern the fate of a chemical reaction? |
|
Definition
1) Direction (favorable or unfavorable)
2) Rate - reaction may be favorable but too slow (paper turing yellow) |
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|
Term
| First law of Thermodynamics |
|
Definition
1) Law of conservation of energy
2) Energy cannot be created or destroyed |
|
|
Term
| Second law of Thermodynamics |
|
Definition
| 1) Transfer or transformation of energy from one form to another increases entropy or degree of disorder of a system |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
H= total energy
G=free energy or amount of energy for work
S=entropy or unusable energy |
|
|
Term
Delta G=change in free energy
Spontaneous |
|
Definition
| (exergonic) favorable; (-) Delta G : free energy change |
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|
Term
Delta G=change in free energy
Not spontaneous |
|
Definition
| (endergonic); (+) Delta G - positive free energy change; requires addition of free energy |
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|
Term
| The energy in a reaction available to do work is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many kcal/g are in fat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| energy to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree centigrade |
|
|
Term
| how many kcal/g in alcohol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many kcal/g in protein and carbohydrates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many kcal/g in organic acids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| agent that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction w/out being consumed during the reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| biological catalyst made of protein (also some ribosomes made of RNA) |
|
|
Term
| What do biological catalysts do? |
|
Definition
| Speeds up a reaction, but doesn't get destroyed in the reaction (reused) |
|
|
Term
| How do proteins w/3D spaces Act as catalyst? |
|
Definition
| By binding to a substrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primary space that binds substrate |
|
|
Term
| An enzyme is what kind of protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Enzyme active sites are... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does an enzyme actually do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two common ways to over come activation energy? |
|
Definition
1) Large amounts of heat
2) Using enzymes to lower activation energy |
|
|
Term
| Can delta G be changed by an enzyme? |
|
Definition
| No. Enzyme only speeds up the reaction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Substrate fits into Active site; active site is complementary to the substrate; able to break bond easily |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interaction involves conformational changes; changes shape so substate can fit an active site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
organic molecule that helps the enzyme carry out its function, but left unchanged afterwards
Ex) ATP, ADP, Vitamins, B complex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mineral; calcium, K+, Mg; temporarily binds to enzyme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| control shape of the active site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two reactions occurring very close together, one is favorable (-) delta g and one is (+) delta g, and the net is negative then it's favorable |
|
|
Term
| How can a biological system convert a monomer to polymer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effects allow an enzyme to function maximally? |
|
Definition
| Narrow range of temperature and pH |
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|
Term
| What happens to an enzymes function as it leaves its narrow range of function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do enzymes control cell metabolism? |
|
Definition
1) Increase rate of reaction so much that reaction w/in the cell that have an enzyme will go in that direction
2) Enzymes using active site and coenzyme site can couple reaction - use this to store energy and use energy to make complex molecules |
|
|
Term
| Two basic ways of storing energy |
|
Definition
1) Bond energy - ADP + PO_4 = ATP (-7kcal)
2) Storing electrons - oxidation/reduction (NAD + 2e- becomes NADH (-21kcal)) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loss of electrons is oxidation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gain of electrons is reduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| multiple(enzyme) steps leading to a final product |
|
|
Term
| How is each step in a pathway coordinated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a pathway the of a first enzyme becomes what for a second enzyme? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are pathways important to the cell? |
|
Definition
| multiple steps means each has a small number of kcal (either needed or released) so that they can be coupled |
|
|
Term
| How are intermediate steps useful in pathway? |
|
Definition
| they make other molecules the cell needs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A series of enzyme mediated reaction with a final product |
|
|
Term
| Glucose metabolism Pathways (4 of them) |
|
Definition
1) Glycolysis
2) Breakdown of pyruvate to an acetyl group
3) Citric acid cycle (KREBS cycle)
4) Oxidative phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Can occur w/or w/out O_2
2) 10 enzymes in pathway nearly identical in all living species
3) Occurs in the CYTOSOL
4) Net 2ATP (and 2NADH if O_2 is present)
5) Final product - 2 pyruvates (2 Carbons each) |
|
|
Term
| Where does Glycolysis take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the net production of Glycolysis? |
|
Definition
| 2 ATP and 2NADH (if O_2 is present) |
|
|
Term
| What is the final product of Glycolysis? |
|
Definition
| 2 pyruvates (3 carbons each) |
|
|
Term
| True or false. Glucose gets broken down into ATP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Double Membrane - outer membrane and inner membrane (folds called Cristae)
2) Matrix - area w/in the inner membrane
3) contains own DNA, ribosome but still requires genes/proteins from nucleus - semi autonomous
4) Comes from mother |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| area w/in the inner membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Transported to the mitochondrial matrix
2) Molecule of CO_2 removed from each pyruvate
3) Remaining acetyl group (acetic acid) attached to coenzyme A to make acetyl CoA
4)1 NADH is made for each pyruvate |
|
|
Term
| What product is made in pyruvate decarboxylation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Anaerobic animal cells (net 2 ATP) muscle cells on exercise; pyruvate (3c) + NADH <-> Lactate (3c) + NAD
2) Fermentation (net 2 ATP) + CO_2
3) Pyruvate (3c) + NADH -> ethanol (2c) + NAD |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| particular molecules enter while others leave, involving a series of organic molecules regenerated w/each cycle |
|
|
Term
| How is citrate or citric acid formed? |
|
Definition
| Acetyl is removed from Acetyl CoA and attached to oxaloacetate (4C) |
|
|
Term
| What is released during the citric acid cycle? |
|
Definition
1) 2 CO_2
2) 1 ATP
3) 3 NADH
4) 1 FADH_2 |
|
|
Term
| What in the citric acid cycle is regenerated to start the cycle again? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the location of the Citric acid cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aerobic energy respiration |
|
Definition
1) Requires O_2
2) C_6H_12O_2 + 6O_2 goes to 6CO_2 + 6H_2O
3) coupled to e-stored in 10 NADH and 2 FADH_2
4) coupled to the phosphylation of 2 ATP and 2 GTP |
|
|
Term
| Is O_2 required in the Kreb cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Substrate-level phosphorylation
2) Oxidative phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
| Substrate-level phosphorylation |
|
Definition
| enzyme directly transfers phosphate from one molecule to another molecule |
|
|
Term
| oxidative phosphorylation |
|
Definition
1) energy stored in an electrochemical gradient (chemiosmosis) is used to make ATP from ADP and P_i
2) of the app. 34 ATP couple in aerobic respiration of glucose 30 ATP oxphos |
|
|
Term
| Total energy from glucose |
|
Definition
1) Glycolysis 2ATP, 2NADH
2) Pyruv to Acetyl 2NADH one for each pyruvate
3) Krebs 6NADH, 3 for each cycle
4) Krebs 2FADH_2, 1 for each cycle
5) Krebs 2GTP, one for each cycle
6) total equivalent energy - 34 ATP |
|
|
Term
| What is the location of oxidative phosphorylation? |
|
Definition
| inner membrane/criastae in the mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| Oxidative phosphorylation |
|
Definition
1) requires O_2, O_2 is the final electron acceptor
2) Electrons from NADH (or FADH_2) used for ATP production ; NADH -> NAD + 2e- + H+ |
|
|
Term
| What are the two steps involved in oxidative phosphorylation? |
|
Definition
1) Electron transport making proton gradient
2) ATP synthase driven by proton gradient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) group of protein complexes and small organic molecules associated w/the inner mitochondrial membrane
2) can accept and donate electrons in a linear manner in a series of redox reactions
3) movement of electrons generates H+ electrochemical gradient (chemiosmotic)/proton-motive force |
|
|
Term
| Where are protons pumped to and from in the electron transport chain? |
|
Definition
| Matrix to space inner and outer membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
proteins w/a HEME like ring molecule attached that has a metal ion like iron. It can store and release electrons. Does not require a proton like NADH
(pick up electrons, change it's valence, and transport it) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) multiple subunit (quanternary structure) both transmembrane and peripheral membrane protein complex
2) energy conversion - H+ electrochemical gradient converted to chemical bond energy in ATP |
|
|
Term
| How do the electrons that started out in NADH end up in water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ATP's generated from ADP + PO4 in glycolysis are made by |
|
Definition
| substrate level phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
| How is oxygen used in aerobic metabolism? |
|
Definition
| as electrons are passed to different proteins in the electron transport chain the final step splits oxygen and accepts the electrons to make water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| energy from light is captured and used to synthesize carbohydrates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 6CO_2 + 12H_2O + light energy -> C_6H_12O_6 + 6O_2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) outer and inner membrane
2) thylakoid is 3rd membrane system
3) stroma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid filled region between thylakoid membrane and inner membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) contains pigment molecules
2) membrane forms thylakoids
3) each thylakoid is a disk w/an inner lumen, granum-stack of thylakoids |
|
|
Term
| 2 stages of photosynthesis |
|
Definition
1) light reactions
2) calvin cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) take place in thylakoid membranes
2) produce ATP, NADPH and O_2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) occurs in stroma
2) uses ATP and NADPH to incorporate CO_2 into organic molecules
3) CO_2 fixation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pigment molecules are arranged w/proteins into complexes (integral membrane proteins) |
|
|
Term
| Where are PSI and PSII located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which photosystem is used first? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| light energy in molecules excites what molecules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provides energy to make NADPH |
|
|
Term
| Where is the energy in pigment molecules captured? |
|
Definition
| chlorophyll molecules in what is called the reaction center |
|
|
Term
| What is the major pigment in photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the light reaction of photosynthesis take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Electrons transport (in photosynthesis) |
|
Definition
1) electrons accepted by primary electron acceptor in PSII transported PSI
2) Establishes H+ electrochemical gradient where protons high in lumen of thalykoid and lower in stroma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In enzymes what is available for work? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is responsible for an enzyme proteins 3D shape? |
|
Definition
| active, coenzyme, feedback, cofactor |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of enzymes? |
|
Definition
| reduce activation energy and thereby increase rate of run |
|
|
Term
| oxidative phosphorylation |
|
Definition
| in electron transport 2 electrons from NADH used to generate a proton gradient, which then is used to make ATP in ATP synthase complex. Oxygen finally accepts the 2 electrons and forms water. This is the only place oxygen is used. Most of ATP made by oxphos compared to substrate level. |
|
|
Term
| if no oxygen is present what kind of metabolism is it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens in anaerobic metabolism? |
|
Definition
| NADH builds up in mitochondria which backs up the system to pyruvate. Pyruvate converted either to lactic acid (animals) or ethanol (fermentation), energy yields only 2 ATPs |
|
|
Term
| What is substrate level phosphorylation? |
|
Definition
| When coupled rxn w/in enzyme (coenzyme site) takes energy from breakdown of one molecule and uses it to add a phosphate to ADP to make ATP (7kcal) free energy |
|
|
Term
| In substate level phosphorylation what other ways can energy be stored? |
|
Definition
oxidation reduction reaction in the form of electrons:
NAD + 2e- + H^+ goes to NADH and 20kcal |
|
|
Term
| How does ATP synthase complex use protons? |
|
Definition
| Protons turn complex and force ADP and PO4 together |
|
|
Term
| Location of electron transport in oxidative phosphorylation |
|
Definition
| inner membrane/cristae of mitochondria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oxygen from water then electron transport and H^+ gradient used to make ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in photosynthesis what are the major photo pigments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| communication btw. cells requires |
|
Definition
| ligand and receptor protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the signaling molecule (like a substrate but not changed during binding) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the molecule to which the receptor binds NON-covatlently
(maybe on the plasma membrane or w/in the cell) |
|
|
Term
| 4 basic mechanisms for cellular communication |
|
Definition
1) direct contact - junctions
2) paracrine signaling - neighboring cells
3) synaptic signaling - neurons
4) endocrine signaling - long distances, blood stream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) ligand bind non-covalently to site on transmembrane protein
2) protein changes shape - activates receptor (inside cell)
3) signal transduction
4) ligand is released unchanged and receptor returns to inactive shape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
w/in cell, amplifies signal of the receptor binding and final product of pathway activates gene or enzyme in metabolism
(events w/in the cell that occur in response to an activated receptor) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| binds a ligand which changes the receptor protein shape |
|
|
Term
| 3 subclasses of membrane receptors in response to receptor activation |
|
Definition
1) channel linked receptors (gated channel)
2) enzyme linked receptors
3) G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) |
|
|
Term
| Channel linked receptors ( Gated channel) |
|
Definition
| ion channel that opens in response to a ligand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receptor has built in enzyme (protein kinase) that is activated inside cell by the ligand binding |
|
|
Term
| G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) |
|
Definition
| a protein called G-protein (binds GTP) assists in transmitting the signal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an enzyme that adds a phosphate to a protein 1 in 50 proteins in humans are protein kinases |
|
|
Term
| What is a common way to change the activity of a protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a cell's response to a signal often involve? |
|
Definition
| activating or inactivating proteins |
|
|
Term
| Signal transduction pathways amplify signal |
|
Definition
1) receptro activates protein kinase pathway. One PK can activate multiple proteins, which themselves are PK
2) second messenger - many copies of a small molecule are made. G protein or master protein kinase activates enzyme that makes cAMP or releases Ca that activates other protein kinase
3) Combine 1 and 2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an enzyme that removes a phosphate from a protein |
|
|
Term
| What do protein kinases do? |
|
Definition
| add a phosphate group to another protein to activate it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has 3 parts. All 3 are together inactive form when GDP is bound, but when activated GTP binds and splits in two |
|
|
Term
| G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCRs) |
|
Definition
| receptors bound to G proteins |
|
|
Term
| One reaction -Delta G other +Delta G |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Steps in Glucose metabolism |
|
Definition
1) Glycolysis
2) Decarboxylation - pyruvate to acetyl coa
3) Kreb cycle
4) oxidative phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Animal anaerobic metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the electron transport chain work and how does it produce ATP |
|
Definition
Called oxidative phosphorylation (movement of electrons) - results in making ATP from ADP and phosphates.
1) NADH -> 2e- + NAD
2) same two electrons from first step moved through electron chain and end up in water at end of reaction
3) Protons get pumped to one side of the membrane
4) ATP synthase - ADP + Pi -> ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oxidative phos. or light reaction |
|
|
Term
| In the citric acid cycle an enzyme helps rearrange bonds w/in a 4 carbon molecule and couples that to formation of GTP, how is the GTP made? |
|
Definition
| substrate level phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2,3 carbon molecule formed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
calvin cycle
major enzyme that links CO2 to organic molecule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Signal transduction, calcium and cyclic AMP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receptor, indirect signal transduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| signal transduction phosphorylation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Place the following in order |
|
Definition
1) Ligand binds to receptor
2) receptor changes shape
3) signal transduction started
4) protein kinase pathways
5) cell metabolism change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synthesize larger substances from smaller ones; build things |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| break down of large substances into smaller ones |
|
|
Term
| Chemical reactions are dependent on 2 main processes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| which way the reaction proceeds -> forward or reverse; can be favorable or unfavorable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how fast a reaction takes place |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of energy interconversions; how energy is converted from one form to another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the measure of randomness of molecules in a system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defined as the total energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the usable energy or the amount of energy available to do work/promote change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| favorable; spontaneous; occur when delta G is negative |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unfavorable; nonspontaneous; requires the addition of free energy and occurs when delta G is positive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| units of energy; also called kilocalories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when an unfavorable reaction is paired w/a favorable reaction, which enables the unfavorable reaction to still occur as long as there is a net negative delta G |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| biological catalyst composed of amino acids (protein); reduces activation energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| speeds up a chemical reaction and is not consumed during the reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the reactant molecule that binds to the active site on an enzyme; specific |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| location on an enzyme where the chemical reaction takes place |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the energy level needed to be overcome for a reaction to occur; is decreased by enzymes; overcoming does not change delta G |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the top part of an energy diagram |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specific to the enzyme and substrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involves conformational (shape) changes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inorganic ions that temporarily bind to the enzyme; minerals like, Ca2+ and K+ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organic molecule that helps the enzyme carry out its function but are not changed during the reaction; vitamins, ATP, ADP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzymes can become inactivated if they're outside their narrow working pH or temp. range |
|
|
Term
| Two main ways of storing energy |
|
Definition
1) bond energy
2) redox reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| like the creation of ATP from ADP + PO4 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| storing/transferring electrons; NAD + 2e- -> NADH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a series of enzymes-linked steps to get a product |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the products of a reaction 'turn off' the reaction and prevent it from producing more products because the cell has enough |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of glucose metabolism; can work w/or w/out O2 present; occurs in the cytosol of the cell; uses 10 enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) 2 3-carbon pyruvate molecules
2) 2 ATP
3) 2 NADH molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when no O2 is present, glucose ferments into lactic acid or ethanol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fermentation product that builds up in muscles and causes soreness; can be reversed back into glucose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the 3-carbon molecules produced during glycolysis; is transported to the mitochondrial matrix in the presence of O2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| removal of a CO2 molecule in order to make Acetyl CoA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| w/out O2; does not need oxygen to occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| w/O2; must have O2 to occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inner-most part of the mitochondria that is equivalent to the cytosol of a cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| double-membrane eukaryotic organelle that makes ATP |
|
|
Term
| inner/outer mitochondrial membrane |
|
Definition
| the mitochondria is a double membrane organelle; the inner membrane has folds called cristae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mitochondria have their own ribosomes and DNA/genetic material that they replicate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| certain molecules enter as others leave, involving a series of organic molecules regenerated w/each cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in the mitochondrial matrix; acetyl group is removed from Acetyl CoA and attached to a 4-carbon oxaloacetate to make 6-carbon citrate/citric acid |
|
|
Term
| What is released in the citric acid cycle? |
|
Definition
1) 2 CO2
2) 1 ATP
3) 2 NADH
4) 1 FADH2 |
|
|
Term
| What is regenerated in the citric acid cycle to start it back up again? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many turns of the Krebs cycle must occur before the radioactive/original C comes off as CO2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two main methods to make ATP |
|
Definition
1) substrate-level phosphorylation
2) oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis) |
|
|
Term
| substrate-level phosphorylation |
|
Definition
| an enzyme directly transfers PO4 from one molecule to another; makes about 4 ATP; examples are ATP in glycolysis, GTP in Krebs cycle |
|
|
Term
| oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis) |
|
Definition
| energy stored in electrochemical gradient is used to make ATP from ADP + PO4; makes 30 ATP; O2 is the final electron acceptor to make water; inner men./cristae |
|
|
Term
| in oxidative phosphorylation, electrons come from NADH or FADH2 and are used to make ATP in 2 steps |
|
Definition
1) Electron Transport Chain
2) ATP synthase |
|
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Term
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Definition
| making H+ or proton gradient; group of protein complexes; can accept and donate electrons in a linear manner in a series of redox reactions; movement of e- generates H+ gradient that deposits protons in space btw. inner and outer membrane |
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Definition
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| peripheral protein that store/release electrons |
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| driven by proton gradient; multiple subunit (quaternary structure); energy conversion of gradient to chemical bond energy in ATP; rotary machine makes ATP as it spins and knocks ADP and Pi together; requires O2; inner membrane/cristae |
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Definition
| process of using light energy to synthesize carbs |
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Definition
| massless particles that contain energy |
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1) light reactions
2) dark reactions |
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Definition
| light energy captured by chlorophyll and converted to ATP and NADPH; starts w/light and converts it to chem. energy stored in covalent bonds; 3 products-ATP, NADPH and O2; NADPH is an electron carrie of 2 e- to drive the dark reactions and is produced in the stroma; ATP is produced in the stroma via ATP synthase w/H+ gradient; O2 produced in thylakoid membrane from PSII |
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Definition
| calvin cycle; ATP, NADPH used to drive synthesis of carbs; doesn't directly make glucose-makes G3P which is the starting product for glucose synthesis |
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Definition
| CO2 becomes part of RuBP which generates 2 molecules of 3PG (this step is catalyzed by rubisco) |
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| reduction and carb production |
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Definition
| 3PG made into G3P by ATP and NADPH |
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Definition
| 10 G3P to make glucose/carbs |
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Definition
| is a third membrane that contains pigment molecules like chlorophyll; forms flattened fluid-filled tubules called thylakoids which have a lumen inside; stacks are called grans |
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Definition
| a (alpha) and B (beta) are bound to integral proteins in the thylakoid membrane |
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Definition
| make NADPH; is how pigment molecules receive electrons; high energy electron removed from pigment molecule P700; formation of NADPH creates H+ electrochemical gradient across thylakoid membrane from fewer H+ in the stroma; doesn't generate water |
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Definition
| initial step in photosynthesis; pigment molecule P680 transfers excited e-; P680 receives e- from water; captures light energy and produces O2 from oxidizing water; |
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Definition
| the signaling molecule that binds to a receptor to activate it; not changed during binding; can be an ion, carb., protein, nucleic acid or chemical; binding changes the shape of the receptor to activate it; falls off-receptor is deactivated |
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Definition
| the molecule that ligand noncovalently binds to; the receptor can be on the plasma membrane or w/in the membrane; always transmembrane/integral proteins |
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Definition
| the events w/in a cell that occur in response to an activated receptor; receptor changes shape to open a channel of activate enzyme function w/in the cell; direct or indirect |
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Term
| 3 subclasses of membrane receptor types |
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Definition
1) channel linked/ligand gated
2) enzyme-linked
3) G protein coupled receptor |
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Term
| channel linked/ligand gated |
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Definition
| simplest type; an ion channel opens in response to binding of a ligand |
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Definition
| receptor has built in enzyme that is activated w/in the receptor when a ligand binds |
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Term
| G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) |
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Definition
| G protein binds GTP when a ligand binds, and assists in transmitting the signal; indirect signal transduction; found in yeast and also are target by many medicines |
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Term
| 4 main mechanisms for cell communication |
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Definition
1) junctions
2) paracrine signaling
3) endocrine signaling
4) synaptic signaling |
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Definition
| direct contact btw. adjacent cells |
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Definition
| communication btw. neighboring cells |
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Definition
| communication of long distances through the blood stream |
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Definition
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Definition
| small molecules that aid in signal transduction by activating various cell reactions, like cyclic AMP (cAMP) and the release of Ca2+ in the cell |
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Definition
| has 3 parts, all of which are bound together in the inactive GDP form -> when activated GTP binds and splits in 2 |
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