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BIOS 172 Exam II
Ohio University Ch 26,27, 34, 21
113
Biology
Undergraduate 1
05/10/2012

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Term
what makes one species evolutionary independent of other species?
Definition
Lack of gene flow
Term
What are the three criteria for identifying a species?
Definition
biological species concept, morphological species concept, phylogenetic species concept
Term
What is a species?
Definition
evolutionary independent population or groups of populations
Term
What is the biological species concept?
Definition
the critical criterion for identifying species is reproductive isolation
Term
What is an advantage of the biological species concept?
Definition
evolutionary independence
Term
What is a disadvantage of the biological species concept?
Definition
not applicable to asexual or fossil species.
Term
What is the morphospecies concept?
Definition
identify evolutionary independent lineages by differences in size, shape, or other morphological features
Term
What is an advantage of the morphospecies concept?
Definition
widely applicable
Term
What is a disadvantage of the morphospecies concept?
Definition
Subjective
Term
What is the phylogenetic species concept?
Definition
Based on reconstructing the evolutionary history of populations
Term
monophyletic group
Definition
clade, lineage, consists of an ancestral population, and all of its descendants, and only those descendants
Term
What are the advantages of the phylogenetic species concept?
Definition
widely applicable, based on testable criteria
Term
What is a disadvantage of the phylogenetic species concept?
Definition
relatively few well estimated phylogenies
Term
subspecies
Definition
populations that live in discrete geographical areas and have distinguishing characteristics
Term
vicariance
Definition
physical splitting of a habitat
Term
allopatric speciation
Definition
speciation that begins with physical isolation by dispersal or vicariance
Term
biogeography
Definition
the study of how species and populations are distributed geographically
Term
sympatry
Definition
when populations or species live in the same geographic area
Term
sympatric speciation
Definition
speciation that occurs without physical isolation
Term
Disruptive selection
Definition
natural selection for different habitats or resources causing divergence
Term
What is an example of an animal that went trough disruptive selection?
Definition
Soapberry bugs selected to feed on different sized fruits. Small and large beaked populations
Term
polyploidy
Definition
individuals have more than 2 sets of chromosomes
Term
polyploidization
Definition
genetic isolation is created by formation of polyploid individuals who can only breed with eachother
Term
Polyploidization commonly occurs in...
Definition
plants
Term
autopolyploidy
Definition
polyploids have duplicate chromosome sets from same species
Term
alloploidy
Definition
polyploids have chromosome sets from different speices
Term
reinforcement
Definition
natural selection favors the evolution traits that prevent interbreeding between the populations
Term
hybrid zone formation
Definition
there is a well defined geographic area where hybridization occurs
Term
hybrid zone
Definition
geographic area where interbreeding occurs
Term
fusion of the populations
Definition
the two populations freely interbreed?
Term
extinction of one population
Definition
if one population or species is better competitor for resources and the poorer competitor is driven to extinction
Term
creation of new species
Definition
if the combination of genes in hybrid offspring and allows them to occupy distinct habitats or use novel resources, they may form a new species
Term
phyletic evolution
Definition
transforming of one species to another over geological time
Term
branching evolution
Definition
budding of one or more species from a ancestral species with faster change of features
Term
Example of anagenesis
Definition
phyletic evolution
Term
Example of cladogenesis
Definition
branching evolution
Term
gradualism
Definition
evolutionary change occurs at a constant steady pace
Term
punctuated equilibrium
Definition
evolution is episodic characterized by burst of rapid change and long periods of stasis
Term
conspecifics
Definition
members of a species
Term
Example of a post zygotic barrier
Definition
horse and donkey mate and produce an infertile mule
Term
What are the prezygotic barriers?
Definition
temporal isolation, behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation, gametic isolation
Term
gametic isolation
Definition
failure to form a zygote
Term
mechanical isolation
Definition
anatomical incompatibility
Term
behavioral isolation
Definition
differences in behavior prevent mating
Term
temporal isolation
Definition
breeding at different times during the year
Term
What are postzygotic barriers?
Definition
hybrid inviability, hybrid sterility, hybrid breakdown
Term
hybrid inviability
Definition
developing zygote dies due to genetic incompatability
Term
hybrid sterility
Definition
hybrid offspring are infertile, but viable
Term
hybrid breakdown
Definition
f1 hybrids are fertile, but F2 is not
Term
plate tectonics
Definition
continental drifting
Term
continental drift
Definition
convection causes plates to move
Term
the three great events in the history of life
Definition
initial diversification of animals, adaptive radiation, extinction
Term
phylogeny
Definition
evolutionary history of a group of organisms
Term
phylogenetic tree
Definition
shows ancestor descendantrelationships among populations or species
Term
branch
Definition
represents a population through time
Term
node
Definition
the point where two branches diverge
Term
Two strategies of estimating phylogenies
Definition
phenetic and cladistic approach
Term
phenetic approach
Definition
based on computing a statistic that summarizes the overall similarity among populations
Term
cladistic approach
Definition
based on the realization that relationships among species can be reconstructed by identifying synapomorphies
Term
synapomorphy
Definition
a shared derived character
Term
homology
Definition
same source, occurs when traits are similar for other reasons other than common ancestry
Term
homoplasy
Definition
same form
Term
convergent evolution
Definition
occurs when natural selection favors similar solutions to the problems posed by a similar way of making a living
Term
parsimony
Definition
logical principle that the most likely explanation for a phenomenon is the most simplest
Term
SINEs
Definition
parasitic gene sequences
Term
fossil
Definition
piece of physical evidence from an organism that lived in the past
Term
fossil record
Definition
total collection of fossils that have been found throughout the world
Term
What are the different kinds of fossils?
Definition
intact, compression, cast, permineralized
Term
how does an intact fossil form?
Definition
no decomposition occurs
Term
how does a compression fossil form?
Definition
sediments bury and compress the organic material into a thin carbonaceous film
Term
How does a cast fossil form?
Definition
remains decompose after they are buried and the hole is filled with dissolved minerals
Term
How does a permineralized fossil form
Definition
rots extremely slow, dissolved minerals turn cells into stone
Term
What are the limitations of the fossil record?
Definition
Habitat Bias, Taxonomic Bias, Temporal Bias, Abundance Bias
Term
What happened during the precambrian period?
Definition
life was unicellular, O2 virtually absent,
Term
What happened in the Paleozoic era?
Definition
appearance of many animal lineages, mass extinction, appearance of land animals
Term
What happened in the Mesozoic era?
Definition
Age of Reptiles, mass extinction, gymnosperms dominant plants, dinosaurs dominant vertebrates
Term
What happened in the Cenozoic era?
Definition
Age of mammals, mammals diversified and became the dominant vertebrates, angiosperms are dominant plants
Term
cambrian explosion
Definition
burst of diversification at the start of the cambrian period
Term
What were the major cambrian fossils assemblages?
Definition
Doushantuo, Ediacaran, and Burgess
Term
What were the doushantuo fossils?
Definition
they were the first animals on earth, bacteria, sponges and other tiny creatures
Term
What were ediacaran fossils?
Definition
include bodies of jellyfish, comb jellies, and sponges. animals that were immobile, floated in water, or buried in sediment
Term
What were Burgess Shale fossils?
Definition
sponges, comb jellies, jelly fish. entire new lineages like arthropods and molluscs. enchinoderms found
Term
star phylogeny
Definition
a large polytomy
Term
adaptive radiation
Definition
occurs when a single lineage produces many descendant species
Term
triggers for adaptive radiation
Definition
morphological innovation, ecological opportunity
Term
mass extinction
Definition
rapid extinction of a large number of lineages
Term
background extinction
Definition
lower average rate of extinction
Term
how do background extinctions occur?
Definition
environment changes, emerging diseases, competition with other species
Term
how do mass extinctions occur?
Definition
sudden, temporary changes in the environment.
Term
Who was Tiktaalik?
Definition
first transitional fish tetrapod fossil
Term
paraphyletic group
Definition
a group that does not contain all descendants of an ancestor
Term
polyphyletic group
Definition
a group that has more than one ancestor
Term
What are some examples of monophyletic clades?
Definition
frogs, birds, chameleons, snakes, turtles
Term
What is a paraphyletic group example?
Definition
Class Reptilia excludes the Class Aves
Term
What are some polyphyletic group examples?
Definition
several groups of limbless lizards, tree frogs
Term
analogy
Definition
similarity in function due to convergent evolution
Term
ancestral characters
Definition
plesiomorphic character states
Term
polarity
Definition
direction of character state evolution
Term
What was present in the Ordovican period?
Definition
cephalopods, trilobites, corals
Term
What was present in the Silurian period?
Definition
arthropods, gastropods, algae, jelly fish
Term
What was present in the Middle Devonian period?
Definition
corals, trilobites, crinoids
Term
What was present in the Mississippian period?
Definition
stalked echinoderms, starfish, horn corals
Term
What was present in the Pennsylvanian period?
Definition
brachiopods, corals, sponges, echinoderms, amphibian, ferns, dragon fly, fin backed reptile
Term
What conditions are needed for a organism to fossilize?
Definition
environment must lack O2
Term
Whats Noahs Raven?
Definition
A slab of dinosaur tracks found by Pliny
Term
What caused the permian extinction?
Definition
flood basalt eruptions
Term
What caused the End-Cretaceuos extinction?
Definition
6 mile wide asteroid. marine reptiles and dinosaurs went extinct
Term
allometric growth
Definition
difference of relativerates of growth for different body parts
Term
heterochrony
Definition
chnages in the rates of developmental timing
Term
paedomorphisis
Definition
speciation that has resulted from the retention of larval characteristics relative to the parent species
Term
progenesis
Definition
development that results in precocial maturation resulting in adults with larval phenotypes
Term
homeosis
Definition
alteration in the placement of different bod parts
Term
homeobox genes
Definition
regulatory genes that control the rate of development
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