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BIOS 100 EXAM 3
Circulatory System, Digestion, Signal Transduction etc.
67
Biology
Undergraduate 1
11/06/2007

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Term
Bohr Effect     
Definition
states that in the presence of carbon dioxide, the oxygen affinity for dissociation of respiratory pigments, such as hemoglobin decreases; because of the Bohr effect, an increase in blood carbon dioxide level or a decrease in pH causes hemoglobin to bind to oxygen with less affinity.
Term
Lipase  
Definition
Helps break down lipids in combination with Bile Salts. Released by the pancreas.
Term
GLUT-2
Definition
A protien which passively moves glucose through the membrane of a cell.
Term
Sodium Potassium ATPase (Na/K ATPase)
Definition
Splits ATP to get energy to pump sodium out of the cell.
Term
Sodium-Glucose Cotransport protein  
Definition
uses a concentration gradient  as an energy source to move another type of molecule across the apical ("brush border") membrane.
Term
Aquaporins  
Definition
conduct water molecules in and out of a cell membrane. Think of them as Holes in the membrane of a cell.
Term
Bile Salts  
Definition
Stored in the gall bladder and produced by the liver. Work with lipases to break down lipids and fat molecules.
Term
Pepsin  
Definition
Digestive enzyme that degrades protiens into peptides. Activated by high levels of HydroChloric Acid.
Term
Amylase
Definition
Breaks down starch into glucose molecules.
Term
Tyrosine Kinase
Definition
(Phosphorylates) Transports a phosphate group from ATP to tyrosine in a protein. Insulin receptors ARE tyrosine kinases!!!
Term
Enterokinase  
Definition
Converts trypsinogen into trypsin, which activates pancreatic enzyme, which aid in digestion.
Term
Nuclease  
Definition
Enzyme which helps break down DNA/RNA.
Term
Pluripotent
Definition
Cells that can differentiate into any tissue type. They cannot however become a fetus.
Term
Totipotent
Definition
cells that have total potential. the ability of a single cell to divide and produce all the differentiated cells in an organism
Term

The flow of blood in the Circulatory System

 

Definition

Deoxygenated blood enters the Right Atrium

 

Right Atrium--> Right Ventricle --> Pulmonary Arteries--> Lungs--> Pulmonary Veins--> Left Atrium--> Left Ventricle --> Aorta--> Systemic Arteries

 

 

Term
Sympathetic Neurotransmitter
Definition
Norepinephrine
Term
Parasympathetic Neurotransmitter
Definition
Acetylcholine
Term
AV Node of the heart
Definition
Specialized tissue between the atrium and the ventricles of the heart. Conducts the normal electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles.
Term
Baroreceptor reflex
Definition
Stabilizes blood pressure through nerve endings in the Aorta and Carotid arteries. Regulates Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems.
Term
Only nervous system able to increase BOTH stroke volume, and heart rate.
Definition
Sympathetic Nervous system via Norepinephrine.
Term
Amount of blood pumped by the heart PER BEAT
Definition
75 mL
Term
Amount of blood pumped by the heart PER MINUTE
Definition
5000 mL
Term
Amount of oxygen the aveoli takes in PER BREATH
Definition
350 mL
Term
Amount of oxygen the aveoli takes in PER MINUTE
Definition
5000 mL
Term
PO2 of Room Air
Definition
160 mm Hg
Term
PO2 of blood leaving muscle tissue, and entering the lungs
Definition
40 mm Hg
Term
PCO2 of blood leaving muscle tissues, and entering the lungs
Definition
45 mm Hg
Term
PO2 of aveoli and blood entering the muscles
Definition
100 mm Hg
Term
What happens in the Bohr Effect?
Definition
Hemoglobin molecules change their shape, and cannot carry as much oxygen.
Term
How is CO2 transported back to the lungs?
Definition
Via a conversion of carbonic acid in a cell into a bicarbonate ION, then taken to the lungs through muscle tissues or via the organs.
Term
SA Node of the heart
Definition

Pacemaker tissue located on the wall of the right atrium, near the Superior Vena Cava.

 

Term
Superior Vena Cava
Definition
 a large short vein that carries de-oxygenated blood from the upper half of the body to the heart's right atrium.
Term
Inferior Vena Cava
Definition
Carries Deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body to the Right Atrium of the heart.
Term
How much blood is in the adult body?  
Definition
5 Liters
Term
Blood Pressure on Right side of heart
Definition
Relatively low. All the right side of the heart really has to do is pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs, which are low resistance.
Term
Formula for blood pressure
Definition
Current * resistance (P=I R)
Term
Blood pressure on the left side
Definition
High.
Term
Average blood pressure in aorta
Definition
100 mm hg
Term
diastolic blood pressure of aorta
Definition

80 mm hg

 

 

Term
Diastolic
Definition
Diastolic means "at rest"
Term
Systolic blood pressure of aorta
Definition
120 mm hg
Term
systole
Definition
working heart rate
Term

How is MAP (mean arterial pressure) monitored?

What is this monitoring process called? 

Definition

It is monitored by the nervous system.

 

This process is called the Barorecepor reflex. 

Term
Arteries
Definition

Carries oxygen rich blood away from the heart.

thick muscular walls, to constrict vessels ( increase resistance, decrease flow)
connective tissue layers built to provide recoil, when stretched.

Term
Veins
Definition

Carry deoxygenated blood to  the heart

not as thick walls, less musce layer

connective tissue built for stretch,  like “relaxed fit” jeans, can store blood
Term
Cappilaries
Definition

very thin walls,  consisting of one layer of endothelial cells
 built for rapid gas exchange and nutrient exchange

Term
Arterioles
Definition

– smallest arteries ,  lots of smooth muscle in walls,

 

used as resistance vessels to direct blood flow to different organs.

 

Term

Venules 

Definition
little veins, collect blood as it comes from capillaries
Term
Primary active transport
Definition
uses ATP
Term
Secondary active transport
Definition
uses energy that exists in a gradient
Term
Facilitated transport (passive transport
Definition

uses no energy

Like the GLUT-1  and GLUT-4  transport proteins we saw before.

Term
Makeup of blood
Definition

45% red blood cells

55% plasma 

Term
Epinephrine
Definition
Released by adrenal glands, located above the kidney. Causes the liver to break down glycogen. Also causes the heart to beat more rapidly and strongly.
Term
Adrenal Glands
Definition
Located above the kidney. Release epinephrine (AKA Adrenaline), which speeds up the heart.
Term
Autophosphorylation
Definition
When the receptors are in two halves, and then each half binds to an insulin molecule. After each one binds to an insulin molecule, the 2 halves come together, by phosphorylating themselves.
Term
IRS-1
Definition

The first insulin receptor substrate to be phosphorylated.

(INSULIN RECEPTOR SUBSTRATE-1)  

Term
PKC
Definition

(Protein Kinase C)

After several rows of protiens are phosphorylated, this protein gets activated. It causes vesicles to move towards the membrane, and actually become a part of the membrane. These vessicles have a lot of GLUT-4 protiens that are put onto the surface of the membrane, which help facilitate the movement of glucose into the cell from the blood in the capillaries. 

Term
Process of Epinephrin in signal Transduction
Definition
Binds to its receptor (BETA). When they are bound, it is attracted to the GTP binding protein (G Protein for short) which stimulates the cyclase, activates an enzyme in the membrane nearby, known as adenyl cyclase. Adenyl cyclase takes 2 phosphate groups off of ATP, making it AMP, and then twists the AMP in a circle, making it cyclic AMP. Cyclic AMP acts as a second messenger molecule. Hundreds of cyclic AMP molecules float around in the cell activating PKA (protein kinase A). Protein Kinase A brings GLUT-4 vessicles to the surface of the membrane, similar to insulin.
Term
CyclicAMP
Definition
When adenyl cyclase grabs an ATP molecule, takes 2 phosphate groups from it, and twists the resulting AMP molecule into a cyclic AMP molecule. These molecules float around in a cell, and activate PKA, which then brings GLUT-4 Vessicles to the surface of a membrane, allowing glucose to pass through a cell.
Term
PKA
Definition

Protein Kinase A

Activated by cyclicAMP, it brings vessicles with the passive GLUT-4 protein to the membrane surface. 

Term
GTP
Definition
G protein activates adenyl cyclase.
Term
Adenyl Cyclase
Definition
Takes ATP molecule, removes 2 phosphate groups from it, making AMP, and then twists the AMP into a circle, making cyclic AMP. Adenyl Cyclase makes cyclic AMP from ATP.
Term
Type I Diabetes
Definition
beta cells of the pancreas which make and release insulin, die, and insulin is no longer made nor released by the pancreas.
Term
Type II diabetes
Definition
Insulin receptors are missing from the target cells (IE muscle/ liver cells)
Term
Beta Cells of the pancreas
Definition
Manufacture and release insulin.
Term
Trypsin
Definition
Digestive enzyme in the small intestine, which activates digestive enzymes of the pancreas.
Term
Alpha cells in pancreas
Definition
Manufacture and release Glucogon.
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