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Definition
| states that in the presence of carbon dioxide, the oxygen affinity for dissociation of respiratory pigments, such as hemoglobin decreases; because of the Bohr effect, an increase in blood carbon dioxide level or a decrease in pH causes hemoglobin to bind to oxygen with less affinity. |
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Definition
| Helps break down lipids in combination with Bile Salts. Released by the pancreas. |
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Definition
| A protien which passively moves glucose through the membrane of a cell. |
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Term
| Sodium Potassium ATPase (Na/K ATPase) |
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Definition
| Splits ATP to get energy to pump sodium out of the cell. |
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| Sodium-Glucose Cotransport protein |
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Definition
| uses a concentration gradient as an energy source to move another type of molecule across the apical ("brush border") membrane. |
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Definition
| conduct water molecules in and out of a cell membrane. Think of them as Holes in the membrane of a cell. |
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Definition
| Stored in the gall bladder and produced by the liver. Work with lipases to break down lipids and fat molecules. |
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Definition
| Digestive enzyme that degrades protiens into peptides. Activated by high levels of HydroChloric Acid. |
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Definition
| Breaks down starch into glucose molecules. |
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Definition
| (Phosphorylates) Transports a phosphate group from ATP to tyrosine in a protein. Insulin receptors ARE tyrosine kinases!!! |
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Definition
| Converts trypsinogen into trypsin, which activates pancreatic enzyme, which aid in digestion. |
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Definition
| Enzyme which helps break down DNA/RNA. |
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Definition
| Cells that can differentiate into any tissue type. They cannot however become a fetus. |
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Definition
| cells that have total potential. the ability of a single cell to divide and produce all the differentiated cells in an organism |
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Term
The flow of blood in the Circulatory System |
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Definition
Deoxygenated blood enters the Right Atrium Right Atrium--> Right Ventricle --> Pulmonary Arteries--> Lungs--> Pulmonary Veins--> Left Atrium--> Left Ventricle --> Aorta--> Systemic Arteries |
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Term
| Sympathetic Neurotransmitter |
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Definition
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Term
| Parasympathetic Neurotransmitter |
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Definition
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Definition
| Specialized tissue between the atrium and the ventricles of the heart. Conducts the normal electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles. |
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Definition
| Stabilizes blood pressure through nerve endings in the Aorta and Carotid arteries. Regulates Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems. |
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Term
| Only nervous system able to increase BOTH stroke volume, and heart rate. |
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Definition
| Sympathetic Nervous system via Norepinephrine. |
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Term
| Amount of blood pumped by the heart PER BEAT |
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Definition
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Term
| Amount of blood pumped by the heart PER MINUTE |
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Definition
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Term
| Amount of oxygen the aveoli takes in PER BREATH |
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Definition
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Term
| Amount of oxygen the aveoli takes in PER MINUTE |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| PO2 of blood leaving muscle tissue, and entering the lungs |
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Definition
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Term
| PCO2 of blood leaving muscle tissues, and entering the lungs |
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Definition
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Term
| PO2 of aveoli and blood entering the muscles |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens in the Bohr Effect? |
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Definition
| Hemoglobin molecules change their shape, and cannot carry as much oxygen. |
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Term
| How is CO2 transported back to the lungs? |
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Definition
| Via a conversion of carbonic acid in a cell into a bicarbonate ION, then taken to the lungs through muscle tissues or via the organs. |
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Term
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Definition
Pacemaker tissue located on the wall of the right atrium, near the Superior Vena Cava. |
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Term
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Definition
| a large short vein that carries de-oxygenated blood from the upper half of the body to the heart's right atrium. |
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Term
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Definition
| Carries Deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body to the Right Atrium of the heart. |
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Term
| How much blood is in the adult body? |
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Definition
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Term
| Blood Pressure on Right side of heart |
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Definition
| Relatively low. All the right side of the heart really has to do is pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs, which are low resistance. |
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Term
| Formula for blood pressure |
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Definition
| Current * resistance (P=I R) |
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Term
| Blood pressure on the left side |
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Definition
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Term
| Average blood pressure in aorta |
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Definition
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Term
| diastolic blood pressure of aorta |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Diastolic means "at rest" |
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Term
| Systolic blood pressure of aorta |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
How is MAP (mean arterial pressure) monitored? What is this monitoring process called? |
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Definition
It is monitored by the nervous system. This process is called the Barorecepor reflex. |
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Definition
Carries oxygen rich blood away from the heart. thick muscular walls, to constrict vessels ( increase resistance, decrease flow)
connective tissue layers built to provide recoil, when stretched. |
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Term
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Definition
Carry deoxygenated blood to the heart not as thick walls, less musce layer connective tissue built for stretch, like “relaxed fit” jeans, can store blood |
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Definition
very thin walls, consisting of one layer of endothelial cells
built for rapid gas exchange and nutrient exchange |
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Term
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Definition
– smallest arteries , lots of smooth muscle in walls, used as resistance vessels to direct blood flow to different organs. |
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Definition
| little veins, collect blood as it comes from capillaries |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Secondary active transport |
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Definition
| uses energy that exists in a gradient |
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Term
| Facilitated transport (passive transport |
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Definition
uses no energy Like the GLUT-1 and GLUT-4 transport proteins we saw before. |
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Term
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Definition
45% red blood cells 55% plasma |
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Definition
| Released by adrenal glands, located above the kidney. Causes the liver to break down glycogen. Also causes the heart to beat more rapidly and strongly. |
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Term
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Definition
| Located above the kidney. Release epinephrine (AKA Adrenaline), which speeds up the heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| When the receptors are in two halves, and then each half binds to an insulin molecule. After each one binds to an insulin molecule, the 2 halves come together, by phosphorylating themselves. |
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Term
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Definition
The first insulin receptor substrate to be phosphorylated. (INSULIN RECEPTOR SUBSTRATE-1) |
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Term
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Definition
(Protein Kinase C) After several rows of protiens are phosphorylated, this protein gets activated. It causes vesicles to move towards the membrane, and actually become a part of the membrane. These vessicles have a lot of GLUT-4 protiens that are put onto the surface of the membrane, which help facilitate the movement of glucose into the cell from the blood in the capillaries. |
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Term
| Process of Epinephrin in signal Transduction |
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Definition
| Binds to its receptor (BETA). When they are bound, it is attracted to the GTP binding protein (G Protein for short) which stimulates the cyclase, activates an enzyme in the membrane nearby, known as adenyl cyclase. Adenyl cyclase takes 2 phosphate groups off of ATP, making it AMP, and then twists the AMP in a circle, making it cyclic AMP. Cyclic AMP acts as a second messenger molecule. Hundreds of cyclic AMP molecules float around in the cell activating PKA (protein kinase A). Protein Kinase A brings GLUT-4 vessicles to the surface of the membrane, similar to insulin. |
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Term
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Definition
| When adenyl cyclase grabs an ATP molecule, takes 2 phosphate groups from it, and twists the resulting AMP molecule into a cyclic AMP molecule. These molecules float around in a cell, and activate PKA, which then brings GLUT-4 Vessicles to the surface of a membrane, allowing glucose to pass through a cell. |
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Term
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Definition
Protein Kinase A Activated by cyclicAMP, it brings vessicles with the passive GLUT-4 protein to the membrane surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| G protein activates adenyl cyclase. |
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Term
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Definition
| Takes ATP molecule, removes 2 phosphate groups from it, making AMP, and then twists the AMP into a circle, making cyclic AMP. Adenyl Cyclase makes cyclic AMP from ATP. |
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Term
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Definition
| beta cells of the pancreas which make and release insulin, die, and insulin is no longer made nor released by the pancreas. |
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Term
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Definition
| Insulin receptors are missing from the target cells (IE muscle/ liver cells) |
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Term
| Beta Cells of the pancreas |
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Definition
| Manufacture and release insulin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Digestive enzyme in the small intestine, which activates digestive enzymes of the pancreas. |
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Term
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Definition
| Manufacture and release Glucogon. |
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