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Definition
chemicals secreted by one group of cells and carried through the bloodstream to other parts of the body, where they act on specific target tissues to produce specific results
important for fitness, reproductive success, survival
can be used locally
not always both brain and bloodstream
permissive not deterministic |
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| releases hormones into body |
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| hormone secretion control |
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| reproductive maturation, body rhythms |
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anterior-hormone secretion
posterior-water and salt balance
releases hormones to rest of body
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adrenal cortex-salt and car metabolism, inflammatory responses
adrenal medulla-emotional arousal |
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body development, maintenace of reproductive organs
brain and body organized in early life, long-lasting changes
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| chemical signal is a hormone released into bloodsteam to selectively affect distant target organs |
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neurocrine
chemical signal diffuses across synaptic cleft |
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Definition
| released chemical acts on the releasing cell itself and thereby affects its own activity |
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| chemical signal diffuses to nearby target cells |
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| released into outside environment to affect other individuals of the same species |
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| chemical signals released by members of one species affect behavior of individuals of another species |
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Definition
gradual-activate behavioral/physiological responses hours/weeks later that persist
changes intensity or probability of provoked behavior
quantity and type affected by environment
may have multiple effects
produed in small amounts, secreted in bursts
levels vary rhythmically with circadian clock
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Term
| similarities between hormones and neurotransmitters |
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Definition
both secretory
store for release later
activate second messengers
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| difference between neurotransmission and hormones |
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Definition
neural communication involves fixed distances and channels
neural messages are rapid
distance traveled
neural are all-or-none
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Term
| protein and amine hormones |
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Definition
| bind to specific receptors on surface of cell, release second messenger, alter proteins and processes within cell |
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Definition
small, liophillic
pass through membrane, bind to receptor proteins inside cell
cannpt be stored
can cross blood-brain barrier
identical across species
organizational effects |
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anterior pituitary
affect secretion of endocrine glands |
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Definition
produced in hypothalamus
control pituitary's release of tropic hormones |
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| categories of signaling molecules |
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Definition
multiple
no clear division |
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Definition
regulation of hormones by the brain makes system smart
hypothalamus integrates sensory info.
hypothalamic cells prouce peptides that are released into hypopheseal system
anterior pituitary releases tropic hormones
regulates production of steroids
HPG axis-negative/positive feedback |
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Term
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Definition
absence--female
presence-male |
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Definition
| testicular androgens enter brain and are converted to estrogens to masculinize developing nervous system |
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Definition
steroid receptors are distributed in multiple regions
ventromedial hypothalamus: female sexual behavior
medial preoptic area: male sexual behavior |
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| hormones and social attachment |
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Definition
oxytocin and vasopressin
parental care, grooming, sexual behavior, pair bonding
distribution of receptors differ in pair bonding animals vs. promiscuous |
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