Term
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Definition
| humans generally have 2 of everything, except a few midline structures; including the brain (Left and Right hemispheres) |
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| tracts of neurons that connect the hemispheres of the brain |
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| Lateralization of Function |
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Definition
| refers to the major functional differences between the hemispheres of the brain |
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Definition
| patients whose left and right hemispheres have been separated by commissurotomy |
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| the cutting of the cerebral commissures; thus removing the neural connections between the hemispheres, hence the name "split-brain" |
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| 1836, France: the first to present to a medical convention that brain damage causing deficits in speech was not restricted to the right hemisphere (i.e. must have left hemisphere damage to affect speech) |
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| brain-damage-produced deficit in the ability to produce or comprehend language |
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| the inferior prefontal cortex of the left hemisphere |
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| like aphasia, is almost always associated with left-hemisphere damage even though it's symptoms are bilateral; patients have difficulty doing movements on command, but they can do so when they are not thinking of it |
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| described apraxia as similar to aphasia |
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| one hemisphere assumes the dominant role in the control of all complex behavioral and cognitive processes, and the other plays a only a minor role (Not currently accepted) |
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| Sodium Amytal Test (WADA) |
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Definition
| language lateralization test given to patients prior to neurosurgery; results are used to plan the surgery around areas of the cortex likely to be involved in language; an injection into the carotid artery numbs the brain in an ipsolateral fashion temporarily |
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Definition
| noninvasive; 3 pairs of spoken digits are presented through earphones, the specific digits differing for each ear are heard simultaneously. the subject is then asked to recall all 6 digits |
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| 1974- found that almost all right-handed people had left hemisphere language lateralization for speech (92%); also, almost all left handed and ambidextrous patients also had left hemisphere language lateralization for speech (69%); these figures are likely under-estimations |
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Definition
| (1977,1980) By studying unilateral stroke victims, she concluded that brains of males are more lateralized than brains of females |
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| Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale; test for language lateralization (verbal and performance) |
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| Methods of Studying Language Lateralization |
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Definition
1. comparing the effects of unilateral left- and right- hemisphere brain lesions
2. the sodium amytal test
3. the dichotic listening test
4. functional brain imaging |
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Definition
| the largest cerebral commissure |
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Definition
| 1953; corpus callosum experiments on cats; cats were taught visual discrimination via food reward (circle vs. square); in experimental cats, the optic chaism and corpus callosum were severed in order to test each hemisphere separately; results concluded that each hemisphere was able to function without the other, but in experimental cats, when the eye patch was moved from one eye to another, causing the cats to re-learn the discrimination (each hemisphere had to learn the task separately) |
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| Split-Brain Monkey Conclusion |
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Definition
| there is no transfer of fine tactual and motor information in split-brain monkeys because the somatosensory and motor fibers involved in fine sensory and motor discriminations are all contralateral. |
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| initiated a program of commissurotomy for the treatment of severe intractable cases of epilepsy; the idea being that the severity of the seizure would be reduced if they were limited to the hemisphere of origin; highly effective to the point that many stop having major seizures entirely |
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Definition
| the communication of the two hemispheres by an external route; e.g. the red/ green test |
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| Physical-Dependence Theories of Addiction |
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Definition
| physical dependence traps addicts in a vicious circle of drug taking and withdrawal symptoms. idea is that the drug taking continues to avoid withdrawal symptoms |
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Definition
| addicts who have no drugs in their bodies and who are no longer experiencing withdrawal symptoms |
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| Positive-Incentive Theories of Addiction |
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Definition
| most addicts take drugs not to escape or to avoid the unpleasant consequences of withdrawal, but rather to obtain the drugs' positive effects |
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Definition
| expected pleasure-producing |
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| pleasure- pleasurable effects |
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| refers specifically to the anticipated pleasure associated with an action (e.g. taking a drug) |
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| refers to the amount of pleasure that is actually produced |
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Term
| Incentive-Sensitization Theory |
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Definition
| the want for the drug (the pleasurable affects) is greater than the actual effects of the drug; addicts often crave the pleasure the drug once brought even though it no longer has the same effect |
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Definition
| to return to one's drug taking habit after a period of voluntary abstinence |
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| Fundamental Causes of Relapse |
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Definition
1. Stress
2. Drug priming
3. Exposure to environmental cues |
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| a single exposure to the formerly abused drug |
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| Intracranial Self-Stimulation (ICSS) |
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Definition
| animals (and humans) will administer brief bursts of weak electrical stimulation to specific sites in their own brains |
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Definition
| brain sites capable of mediating ICSS |
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Definition
| a rat that had once been self-stimulating does not automatically go back to pressing the lever; the researcher must first press it a couple of times before the rat "remembers" the full blown self-stimulation rates seen before |
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Term
| Mesotelencephalic Dopamine System |
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Definition
| a system of dopaminergic neurons that projects from the mesencephalon into various regions of the telencephalon |
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| Substantia Nigra & Ventral Tegmental Area |
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Definition
| the neurons that compose the mesotelencephalic dopamine system |
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Definition
| nucleus of the ventral striatum |
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Term
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Definition
| most of the axons of dopaminergic neurons that have their cell bodies in the substantia nigra project to the dorsal striatum; degeneration is associated with Parkinson's Disease |
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| Mesocorticolimbic Pathway |
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Definition
| most of the axons of dopaminergic neurons that have their cell bodies in the ventral tegmental area project to various cortical and limbic sites |
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Term
| Cerebral Dialysis Studies |
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Definition
| studies in which microsamples of extracellular fluid are continuously drawn from a particular area of the brain of a behaving subject and subjected to chemical analysis |
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Definition
| increase intracranial self stimulation |
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Definition
| tends to decrease self stimulation |
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| Drug Self-Administration Paradigm |
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Definition
| rats who learn that pressing a lever injects addictive drugs interveinously often mimic the drug addiction patterns in humans |
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Definition
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| Conditioned Place-Preference Paradigm |
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Definition
| rats are given addictive drugs in small amounts in a distinctive room of a two-part box. Once sober, they are placed in the box with both rooms open and the amount of time spent in each box is monitored. Generally, they will spend more time in the drug-box when addictive drugs are involved |
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Definition
| molecules in the presynaptic membrane of dopaminergic neurons that attract dopamine molecule in the synaptic cleft and deposit them back inside the neuron (reuptake) |
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Definition
| mediates priming-induced relapse |
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Definition
| mediates conditional cue-induced relapse |
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| mediates stress-induced relapse |
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Definition
| When the right hemisphere of a split-brain patient perceives a wrong answer given by the left hemisphere, the left hand (under the control of the right hemisphere) will move the help the left hemisphere find the correct answer (e.g. moving the right hand from the incorrect orange to the correct pencil) |
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Definition
| In the case of a visual scotoma, the brain has the ability to "fill in the blanks" when it perceives missing visual information |
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Definition
| named after Chimera, a mythical monster composed of the combined parts of different animals; photographs composed of fused together half-faces of two different people are flashed on a screen to split-brain patients. Subjects filled in the other half of the faces and reported nothing strange or missing when asked (left hemisphere reportings) |
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Term
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Definition
| Zaidel developed this contact lens that limits visual input to one hemisphere of split-brain patients while they scan complex visual material such as the pages of a book. Because this lens moves with the eye, it permits visual input to enter only one hemisphere, irrespective of eye movement. |
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Definition
| a hypothetical neuronal mechanism that continuously assesses patterns of events and tries to make sense of them |
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| Cognitive Theory of Kosslyn |
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Definition
| found evidence that separate process in the visual system judge different types of spatial relations between objects: process for making categorical judgments about spatial relations and one for making precise judgments of the spatial relations between objects in terms of their distance and angle from each other |
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Term
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Definition
| area of the frontal lobe cortex that lies just in front of the face area of the primary motor cortex; in the L hemisphere, it is Broca's area |
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Term
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Definition
| lies in the posterior region of the lateral fissure; thought to play a role in the comprehension of language; Wernicke's area |
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Term
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Definition
| located in the lateral fissure just anterior to the planum temporale in the temporal lobe; the primary auditory cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| used MRI to measure the asymmetry of the planum temporale and relate it to the presence of perfect pitch |
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Term
| Analytic-Synthetic Theory |
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Definition
there are two basic modes of thinking:
an analytic mode and a synthetic mode that have segregated during the course of evolution
It's main problem is its vagueness; it is difficult to subject this theory to empirical tests |
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Term
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Definition
| the left hemisphere is specialized not for the control of speech per se, but for the control of fine movements, of which speech is only one category; support comes from reports that lesions that produce aphasia also produce other motor deficits; does not explain why motor function tends to become lateralized to the left hemisphere |
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Definition
| primary role of the left hemisphere is language ; based on the study of deaf people who use ASL and who suffer unilateral brain damage |
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Definition
| studied the laterality of four kinds of hand movements in chimps; communicative gestures, reaching, tool use, and coordinated bimanual activity: handedness is a strong indicator of lateralization in nonhumans |
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Definition
| the left planum temporale; second language area; the cortical area of language comprehension |
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Definition
| characterized by normal comprehension of both written and spoken language and by speech that retains its meaningfulness but still retains the superficial structure, rhythm, and intonation of normal speech. |
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Definition
| hypothetical form of aphasia; poor comprehension of written and spoken language and speech is meaningless |
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Definition
| the normal-sounding but nonsensical speech of Wernicke's aphasia |
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| hypothetical form of aphasia; normal comprehension of written and spoken language, but speech is labored, disjointed, and poorly articulated |
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Definition
| the pathway connecting Broca's and Wernicke's area |
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Definition
| comprehension and spontaneous speech would be largely intact, but difficulty repeating words that had just been heard |
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Definition
| the area of left temporal and parietal cortex just posterior to Wernicke's area; another cortical area that has been implicated in language |
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Term
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Definition
| recognized the angular gyrus on the basis of a postmortem examination of a patient that suffered from alexia and agraphia |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| seven components; primary visual cortex, angular gyrus, primary auditory cortex, Wernicke's area, arcuate fasciculus, Broca's area, and primary motor cortex, all of which are in the left hemisphere |
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Term
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Definition
| a severe disruption of all language-related abilities |
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Term
| Wilder Penfiend and colleagues |
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Definition
| mapped the language areas of each patient's brain so that tissue involved in language could be avoided during the surgery |
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Definition
| the smallest unit of sound that distinguishes among various words in a language |
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Definition
| suggested that the language cortex is organized like a mosaic with the discreet columns of tissue that perform a particular function widely distributed throughout the language areas of the cortex |
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Definition
| analysis of the sound of language |
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Definition
| analysis of the structure of language |
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Definition
| analysis of the meaning of language |
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| Cognitive Neuroscience Approach to Language |
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Definition
| expands on the Wernicke-Geshwind model where the model is inconsistent with actual findings; consists of 3 assumptions |
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Definition
| pathological difficulty in reading, one that does not result from general visual, motor, or intellectual deficits |
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Definition
| dyslexias that becomes apparent when a child is learning to read |
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Definition
| dyslexias that are caused by brain damage in individuals who were already capable of reading |
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Definition
| based on specific stored information that has been acquired about written words: reader looks at the word, recognizes it, and says it; dominates in reading familiar words |
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Term
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Definition
| reader looks at the word, recognizes the letters, sounds them out, and says the word; dominates in reading unfamiliar words |
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Term
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Definition
| lost the lexical procedure, but retained phonetic procedure; lost ability to pronounce words based on memory, but retain ability to pronounce words whose pronunciation is consistent with common rules; difficulty in pronouncing words that do not follow common rules of pronunciation |
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Term
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Definition
| aka: phonological dyslexia; have lost the phonetic procedure, but retained the lexical procedure; lost ability to apply rules of pronunciation in reading, but retain the ability to pronounce familiar concrete words based on memories of them; incapable of pronouncing non-words, difficulty pronouncing uncommon words, and words whose meaning are abstract |
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Term
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Definition
| an entire cerebral hemisphere's removal |
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Term
| Left Hemisphere Dominance |
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Definition
words
letters
language sounds
complex movement
ipsolateral movement
verbal memory
finding meaning in memories
speech
reading
writing
arithmetic
categorical spatial judgments |
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Term
| Right Hemisphere Dominance |
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Definition
faces
geometric patterns
emotional expression
nonlanguage sounds
music
tactile patterns
braille
movement in spatial patterns
nonverbal memory
perceptual aspects of memories
emotional content
mental rotation of shapes
geometry
direction
distance
spatial ability
coordinate spatial judgments |
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