Term
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Definition
| the point on the top of the skull where two of the major sutures intersect |
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Definition
| used to locate brain structures similarly to the way a geographic atlas locates geographic landmarks |
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Definition
| A system of precision gears consisting of 2 parts: a head holder and an electrode holder. |
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Definition
| method in which cortical tissue is drawn off by suction through a fine-tipped handheld glass pipette |
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Definition
| coolant is pumped through an implanted cryoprobe that cools neurons until they stop firing |
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Definition
| a fine, hollow tube that has been stereotaxically implanted in the brain; allows drugs can be administered in small amounts |
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Definition
| neural poisons that have an affinity for certain components of the nervous system (used for specific lesioning) |
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Definition
| neural slices are coated with a photographic emulsion, stored in the dark for a few days, and then developed much like film |
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Definition
| a method of measuring the extracellular concentration of specific neurochemicals in behaving animals (does not need death of animal) |
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Definition
| a procedure for locating particular neuroproteins in the brain by labeling their antibodies with a dye or radioactive element and then exposing slices of brain tissue to the labeled antibodies |
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Definition
| technique that takes advantage of the fact that all peptides and proteins are transcribed from sequences of nucleotide bases on strands of messenger RNA |
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Definition
| procedures for creating organisms that lack a particular gene under investigation |
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Term
| Gene Replacement Techniques |
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Definition
| replacing one gene with another (in mice) |
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Definition
| mice that contain the genetic material of another species |
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Definition
| a single set of procedures developed for the investigation of a particular behavioral phenomenon |
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Term
| Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale |
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Definition
| (WAIS)a type of IQ test used by neuropsychologists to use as a baseline to interpret further tests |
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Definition
| identifies the longest sequence of random digits that a patient can repeat correctly 50% of the time |
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Definition
| a screening test for language-related deficits; a subject must follow verbal instructions that get increasingly more difficult |
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Definition
| involves injecting the anesthetic sodium amytal into either the left or right carotid artery in the neck- usually used to determine the dominant language hemisphere prior to brain surgery |
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Definition
| sequences of spoken digits are presented to subjects through stereo headphones, 3 numbers in one ear followed by 3 in the other; subjects must recall as many 6 digit sequences as they can |
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Definition
| used to assess deficits in explicit and implicit memories as expressed in amnesic patients; e.g. using pu_p_ _ as a primer for "purple" |
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Term
| Wisconsin Card Sorting Test |
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Definition
| a test to determine the extent of damage to the frontal lobes of the brain; cards with different colors and images are presented and must be seperated by rules not told to the subject. they are only given feedback of "right" or "wrong". Once they figure out the rule, the rule changes. frontal lobe damage prevents subjects from recognizing the rule change despite the negative feedback |
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Term
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Definition
| goal is to identify the parts of the brain that mediate various constituent cognitive processes |
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Term
| Constituent Cognitive Processes |
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Definition
| complex cognitive processes results from combined activity of these simple cognitive processes |
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Term
| Paired-Image Subtraction Technique |
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Definition
| involves obtaining PET or fMRI images during several different cognitive tasks (e.g. word associations) |
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Term
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Definition
| displayed by virtually all members of a species, or at least by all those of the same age and sex |
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Definition
| subject is placed in a large barren chamber and its activity is recorded.low activity scores and high bolus counts are indicators of fearfulness |
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Definition
| the propensity to stay near walls within a test chamber and rarely engaging in activities such as rearing and grooming; often displayed by fearful mice |
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Definition
| aggressive and defensive behavior observed and measured during combative encounters between dominant male rats in an established colony and a smaller male intruder |
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Definition
| a four-armed, plus-sign shaped maze that is typically mounted 50cm abouve the floor; a test of defensiveness commonly used to study the anxiolytic effects of drugs in mice |
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Definition
| when a female rat is in heat, she will stick her hindquarters in the air and bend her back into a U shape while deflecting her tail to one side |
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Definition
| when a male rat inserts his penis into a female rat's vagina |
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Definition
| when a male rat ejects his sperm |
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Term
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Definition
| proportion of mounts that elicit lordosis (most common measure of female rat sexual behavior) |
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Term
| Pavlovian Conditioning Paradigm |
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Definition
| experimenter pairs a conditional stimulus with an unconditional stimulus; as a result of these pairings the conditional stimulus eventually acquires the capacity for each individual stimulus to elicit the response |
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Term
| Operant Conditioning Paradigm |
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Definition
| the rate at which a particular voluntary response is emitted is increased by reinforcement and decreased by punishment |
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Term
| Self-Stimulation Paradigm |
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Definition
| animals press a lever to deliver electrical stimulation to pleasure centers in the brain |
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Term
| Conditioned Taste Aversion |
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Definition
| the avoidance response that develops to tastes of food whose consumption has been followed by illness |
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Term
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Definition
| used to study spatial abilities; an array of arms (usually 8) radiating from a central starting area. At the end of each arm is a food cup which may or may not be baited. |
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Definition
| rats are placed in a circular, featureless pool of cool milky water, in which they must swim until they discover an invisible platform that is just beneath the surface of the opaque water |
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Term
| Conditioned Defensive Burying |
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Definition
| rats receive a single aversive stimulus from an object mounted on the wall of a chamber just above the floor, which is littered with bedding material. The fear response is instigated causing the rat to bury itself in the bedding. |
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Term
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Definition
| pertaining to the scientific study of drugs |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that influence subjective experience and behavior by acting on the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| liver enzymes stimulate the conversion of active drugs to nonactive forms |
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Term
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Definition
| one drug can produce tolerance to other drugs that act by the same mechanism |
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Term
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Definition
| increasing sensitivity to a drug |
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Term
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Definition
| a state of decreased sensitivity to a drug that develops as a result of exposure to it |
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Term
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Definition
| drug tolerance that results from changes that reduce the amount of the drug getting to its sites of action |
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Term
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Definition
| drug tolerance that results from changes that reduce the reactivity of the sites of action to the drug |
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Term
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Definition
| after a drugs long-term presence within the body, its sudden elimination can trigger an adverse physiological reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals who suffer withdrawal reactions when they stop taking a drug |
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Term
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Definition
| habitual drug users who continue to use a drug despite its adverse effects on their health and social life, and despite repeated efforts to stop using it |
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Term
| Contingent Drug Tolerance |
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Definition
| refers to demonstration that tolerance develops only to drug effects that are actually experienced |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 groups of subjects reveive the same series of drugs injections and the same series of repeated tests, but the subjects in one group receive the drug before each test of the series and those in the other group receive the drug after each test |
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Term
| Conditioned Drug Tolerance |
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Definition
| refers to demonstrations that tolerance effects are maximally expressed only when a drug is administered in the same situation in which it has previously been administered |
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Term
| Conditioned Compensatory Responses |
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Definition
| stimuli that repeatedly predict the effects of a drug come to elicit greater and greater conditioned compensatory responses that increasingly counteract the unconditional effects of the drug and produce situationally specific tolerance |
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Term
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Definition
| external, public stimuli, such as the drug-administration environment |
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Definition
| internal, private stimuli |
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Definition
| the major psychoactive ingredient of tobacco |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by chest pain, labored breathing, wheezing, coughing, and a heightened susceptibility to infections of the respiratory tract |
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Term
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Definition
| affects mostly males; the blood vessels, especially those supplying the legs, become constricted (may lead to amputation) |
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Term
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Definition
| moderate-to-high doses depresses neural firing (but at low doses it can stimulate neural firing and facilitate social interaction) |
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Term
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Definition
| AKA: DTs; characterized by disturbing hallucinations, bizarre delusions, agitation, confusion, hyperthermia, and tachycardia (occurs 3-4 days after cessation of drinking) |
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Term
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Definition
| a neuropsychological disorder characterized by memory loss, sensory and motor dysfunction, and in advanced stages, dementia |
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Term
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Definition
| extensive scarring; major cause of death among heavy alcohol users |
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Definition
| AKA (FAS); brain damage, mental retardation, poor coordination, poor muscle tone, low birth weight, retarded growth, and/or physical deformity |
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Term
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Definition
| the common hemp plant; dried leaves and flowers are marijuana |
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Term
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Definition
| delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol; causes the psychoactive effects of marijuana |
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Term
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Definition
| most of the cannabinoids are found in a sticky resin covering the leaves and flowers of the cannibus plant, which can be extracted and dried to form a dark corklike material |
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Definition
| a legal term generally used to refer to opiates |
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Term
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Definition
| "internal bliss"; the first endocannabinoid neurotransmitter to be isolated and characterized |
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Term
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Definition
| commonly abused stimulant (once included in soda) |
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Term
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Definition
| a potent, cheap, smokable form of cocaine |
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Term
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Definition
| binges in which extremely high levels of intake are maintained for periods of a day or two; induces increasing tolerance; ends when the cocaine is gone or begins to have serious toxic effects |
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Definition
| the syndrome of psychotic behavior observed during cocaine sprees |
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Term
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Definition
| (speed); usually consumed orally in the potent form called d-amphetamine; effects are comparable to those of cocaine |
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Term
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Definition
| sap that exudes from the seeds of the opium poppy (has several psychoactive ingredients) |
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Definition
| weaker relatives of opium |
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Definition
| morphine, codeine, and other drugs that have similar structures or effects |
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Definition
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Definition
| passed in 1914; made it illegal to sell or use opium, morphine, or cocaine in the US |
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Term
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Definition
| excluded from the Harrison Narcotics Act at first; marketed by the Bayer Drug Company, which caused it's addition to the act |
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Term
| Physical-Dependence Theories of Addiction |
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Definition
| physical dependence traps addicts in a vicious circle of drug taking and withdrawal symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| addicts who have no drugs in their bodies and who are no longer experiencing withdrawal symptoms |
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Term
| Positive-Incentive Theories of Addiction |
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Definition
| the primary favor in most cases of addiction is the craving for the positive-incentive (expected pleasure-producing) properties of the drug |
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Term
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Definition
| the anticipated pleasure associated with an action |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of pleasure that is actually produced |
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Term
| Incentive-Sensitization Theory |
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Definition
| positive-incentive value of addictive drugs increases with drug use |
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Term
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Definition
| the return to one's drug taking habit after a period of voluntary abstinence |
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Term
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Definition
| a single exposure to the formerly abused drug |
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Term
| Intracranial Self-Stimulation |
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Definition
| (ICSS)the propensity of animals and humans to administer brief bursts of weak electrical stimulation to specific sites in their own brains (pleasure centers) |
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Term
| Mesotelencephalic Dopamine System |
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Definition
| a system of dopaminergic neurons that projects from the mesencephalon into various regions of the telencephalon |
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Term
| Substantia Nigra and Ventral Tegmental Area |
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Definition
| neurons that compose the mesotelencephalic dopamine system have their cell bodies in these 2 midbrain nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
| nucleus of the ventral striatum |
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Term
| Drug Self-Administration Paradigm |
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Definition
| lab rats or primates press a lever to inject drugs into themselves through implanted cannulas |
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Term
| Conditioned Place-Preference Paradigm |
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Definition
| rats repeatedly receive a drug in one compartment of a two-compartment box |
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Term
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Definition
| molecules in the presynaptic membrane of dopaminergic neurons that attract dopamine molecules in the synaptic cleft and deposit them back inside the neuron |
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Term
| Contrast X-Ray Techniques |
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Definition
| involves injecting a substance that absorbs X-rays either less than or more than the surrounding tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| a computer-assisted X-ray procedure that can be used to visualize the brain and other internal structures of the living body. |
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Term
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
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Definition
| a procedure in which high-resolution images are constructed from the measurement of waves that hydrogen atoms emit when they are activated by radio-frequency waves in a magnetic field |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to detect differences in spatial location |
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Term
| Positron Emission Tomography |
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Definition
| a brain-imaging technique that has been widely used in biopsychological research because it provides images of brain activity rather than brain structure |
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Term
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Definition
| similar to glucose, but not metabolized. shows areas of high activity until it is gradually broken down |
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Term
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Definition
| produces images of the increase in oxygen flow in the blood to active areas of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| blood oxygen level dependent signal |
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Term
| Magnetoencephalography (MEG) |
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Definition
| measures changes in magnetic fields on the surface of the scalp that are produced by changes in underlying patterns of neural activity |
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Term
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Definition
| records fast changes in neural activity |
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Term
| Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) |
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Definition
| a technique for disrupting the activity in an area of the cortex by creating a magnetic field under a coil positioned next to the skull |
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Term
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Definition
| a measure of the gross electrical activity of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| regular, 8-10 second, high-amplitude waves that are associated with relaxed wakefulness |
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Term
| Event-Related Potentials (ERP) |
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Definition
| EEG waves that accompany certain psychological events |
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Term
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Definition
| the change in the cortical EEG signal that is elicited by the momentary presentation of a sensory stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| method used to reduce the noise of the background EEG |
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Term
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Definition
| the positive wave that occurs about 300 milliseconds after a momentary stimulus that has meaning for the subject |
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Term
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Definition
| the portions of an evoked potential recorded in the first few milliseconds after stimuli that are not meaningful to the subject |
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Term
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Definition
| the usual procedure for measuring muscle tension |
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Term
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Definition
| electrophysiological technique for recording eye movements |
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Term
| Skin Conductance Level (SCL) |
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Definition
| a measure of the background level of skin conductance that is associated with a particular situation |
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Term
| Skin Conductance Response (SCR) |
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Definition
| a measure of the transient changes in skin conductance that are associated with discrete experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| electrical signal that is associated with each heartbeat recorded through electrodes places on the chest |
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Term
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Definition
| chronic blood pressure of more than 140/90 mmHg |
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Term
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Definition
| a crude device composed of a hollow cuff, a rubber bulb for inflating it, and a pressure gauge for measuring the pressure in the cuff (sphygmos means "pulse") |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the various techniques for measuring changes in the volume of blood in a particular part of the body (plethysmos means "an enlargement" |
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Term
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Definition
| the means by which experimental devices are precisely positioned in the depths of the brain |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cutting (used to eliminate conduction in a nerve or tract |
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Term
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Definition
| lesions restricted to one half of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| lesions involving both sides of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| two insulated wires wound tightly together and cut at the end |
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Term
| Intracellular Unit Recording |
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Definition
| provides a moment-by-moment record of the graded fluctuations in one neuron's membrane potential |
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Term
| Extracellular Unit Recording |
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Definition
| provides a record of the firing of a neuron but no information about the neuron's membrane potential |
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Term
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Definition
| picks up signals from many neurons |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| in the peritoneal cavity of the abdomen |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| into the fatty tissue beneath the skin |
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Term
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Definition
| into a large surface vein |
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Term
| 6-Hydroxy-Dopamine (6-OHDA) |
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Definition
| selective neurotoxin; taken up my norepinergic or dopaminergic receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| a device for measuring the chemical constituents of liquids or gases |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a graph of the magnitude of the effect of different doses of the drug |
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Term
| Cerebral Dialysis Studies |
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Definition
| studies in which microsamples of extracellular fluid are continuously drawn from a particular area of the brain of a behaving subject and subjected to chemical analysis |
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