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Biopsychology
EXAM 4: Sleep and Waking, Lateralization, Language and Intelligence, Learning and Memory
50
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
11/24/2013

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Term
Anterograde amnesia
Definition
Memory loss for information processed following damage to the brain.
Term
Long-term potentiation (LTP)
Definition
A type of synaptic plasticity in which the application of a rapid series of electrical shocks to an input pathway increases the postsynaptic potentials recorded in target neurons.
Term
Sensory memory
Definition
An initial stage in memory formation in which large amounts of data can be held for very short periods.
Term
Short-term memory
Definition
An intermediate memory store in which limited amounts of data can be held for a limited amount of time; without further processing, such information is permanently lost.
Term
Long-term memory
Definition
A memory store in which apparently unlimited amounts of data can be held for an unlimited amount of time.
Term
Semantic memory
Definition
A type of declarative, explicit memory for facts and verbal information.
Term
Episodic memory
Definition
A type of declarative, explicit memory for personal experience.
Term
Procedural memory
Definition
A type of implicit memory for performing learned skills and tasks.
Term
Declarative memory
Definition
An explicit memory for semantic and episodic information that can easily be verbalized, or "declared."
Term
Source amnesia
Definition
Memory loss for the circumstances in which a particular fact or skill was learned.
Term
Lateralization
Definition
The localization of a function in one hemisphere or the other.
Term
Dichotic listening
Definition
A task in which different sounds are presented simultaneously to the right and left ears.
Term
Bilingual
Definition
Proficient in two languages.
Term
Multilingualism
Definition
Proficiency in more than one language. Half the world's population is proficient in two languages.
Term
Broca's aphasia
Definition
A condition marked by the production of slow, laborious speech accompanied by good comprehension, poor repetition, and poor naming.
Term
Dyslexia
Definition
A condition characterized by difficulty learning to read in spite of normal intelligence and exposure to standard instruction.
Term
Jet lag
Definition
Fatigue, irritability, and sleepiness resulting from travel across time zones.
Term
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
Definition
An area of the hypothalamus located above the optic chiasm; responsible for maintaining circadian rhythms.
Term
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
Definition
A type of depression that results from insufficient amounts of daylight during the winter months.
Term
Night terrors
Definition
An NREM episode in which the individual is partially aroused, disoriented, frightened, and inconsolable.
Term
Narcolepsy
Definition
A sleep disorder characterized by the intrusion of REM sleep, and occasionally REM paralysis, into the waking state.
Term
Engram
Definition
A physical memory trace in the brain.
Term
CREB-1
Definition
A protein that activates genes that might be responsible for structural changes associated with long-term memory.
Term
CREB-2
Definition
A protein that normally inhibits the transcription of genes associated with structural changes in long-term memory.
Term
Stutter
Definition
To abnormally repeat or prolong speech sounds when speaking.
Term
Forkhead Box P2 (FOXP2)
Definition
A gene associated with speech and language disorders located on chromosome 7. A mutation in this gene is accompanied by low-normal intelligence and severe difficulties in the production of language. During brain development this gene targets the basal ganglia and the inferior frontal lobes.
Term
Infancy
Definition
During this stage of life, 14-16 hours a day are spent sleeping, with 50% of time spent in REM.
Term
Adolescents (Puberty)
Definition
During this stage of life, 8-10 hours a day are spent sleeping, with about 20% of time spent in REM.
Term
Adulthood
Definition
During this stage of life, 8-6 hours a day are spent sleeping, with a decreased time spent in stages 3 and 4 of sleep.
Term
Activation Synthesis Theory
Definition
Activities and physiological processes of the brain that leads to dreaming. During REM sleep, circuits in the brain become activated. As a result, parts of the limbic system that are associated with sensations, memories, and emotions become active. (Hobson & McCarley)
Term
Crick & Mitchison
Definition
"We dream to forget."
Term
Winson
Definition
Integrate memories while asleep. Spend more time in REM sleep after learning difficult material.
Term
Threat simulation
Definition
Dreams are practice for real life-threatening situations.
Term
Sleep theories
Definition
Sleep keeps us safe, restores out bodies (growth hormone), and helps us remember.
Term
Beta wave
Definition
A brain waveform having 15 to 20 cycles per second, associated with high levels of alertness during wakefullness.
Term
Alpha wave
Definition
A brain waveform having 9 to 12 cycles per second, associated with less alertness and more relaxation than beta activity during wakefullness.
Term
Ultradian cycle
Definition
A cycle that occurs several times in a single day.
Term
Rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep
Definition
A period of sleep characterized by desynchronous brain activity, muscle paralysis, eye movement, and storylike dream behavior.
Term
non-REM sleep (nREM)
Definition
A period of sleep characterized by by slow, synchronous brain activity, reductions in heart rate, and muscle relaxation.
Term
Theta wave
Definition
A brain waveform having 4 to 7 cycles per second found primarily in lighter stages of NREM sleep.
Term
Myoclonia
Definition
A muscle jerk occurring in early stages of sleep.
Term
Sleep spindle
Definition
A short burst of 12 to 14 cycle-per-second waves observed during NREM sleep.
Term
K-complex
Definition
A brief burst of brain activity occurring during Stage 2 slow-wave sleep.
Term
Delta wave
Definition
A brain waveform having 1 to 4 cycles per second that occurs during Stages 3 and 4 of NREM sleep.
Term
Patterns across a typical night of sleep (8 hours)
Definition
Awake
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
Stage 3
Stage 2
REM
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
Stage 3
Stage 2
REM
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 2
REM
Stage 1
Stage 2
REM
Awake
Stage 1
Stage 2
REM
Awake
Term
Shift maladaptation syndrome
Definition
Night shift workers who obtain 1.5 hours less total sleep than workers on other shifts, leading to frequent health, personality, mood, and interpersonal problems.
Term
Wakefullness
Definition
Two cholinergic pathways originate in the medulla. Activity in locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei. High acetylcholine, high histamine, high norepinephrine and serotonin, increasing adenosine.
Term
Molecular clock
Definition
SCN makes two proteins that bind together (clock and cycle). These move into the nucleus and bind DNA to promote transcription of PER and CRY. PER and CRY bind with another protein, TAU, to inhibit the transcription of PER and CRY. PER and CRY proteins degrade with time so inhibition will eventually be lifted. The whole thing then starts over again (cycle takes about 24 hours).
Term
Split-brain effects
Definition
Pathways connecting thei right and left cerebral hemispheres are severed. No change in personality, intelligence, or speech. Some odd behaviors can occur such as "alien hand." (Woman with alien hand couldn't get to work because both of her hands would reach for different things in her closet)
Term
Language
Definition
Chomsky and Pinker argue for innate ability to learn language. Genes related to aspects of language (FOXP2) show important mutations about 100,000 years ago. Tool use and cooperation in early hominids might be evidence of language capabilities.
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