Term
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Definition
| A directional term meaning toward the head of a four-legged animal. |
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Term
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Definition
| A directional term meaning toward the tail of a four-legged animal. |
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Term
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Definition
| A directional term meaning toward the belly of a four-legged animal. |
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Term
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Definition
| A directional term meaning toward the back of a four legged animal. |
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Term
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Definition
| An imaginary line that runs the length of the spinal cord to the front of the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| An imaginary line dividing the body into two equal halves. |
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Definition
| A directional term referring to structures on the same side of the midline. |
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Term
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Definition
| A directional term referring to structures on opposite sides of the midline. |
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Term
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Definition
| A directional term meaning toward the midline. |
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Term
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Definition
| A directional term meaning away from the midline. |
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Term
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Definition
| A directional term that means closer to center; usually applied to limbs; opposite of distal. |
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Term
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Definition
| A directional term meaning farther away from another structure, usually in reference to limbs. |
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Term
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Definition
| An anatomical section dividing the brain front to back, parallel to the face. Also known as the frontal section. |
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Term
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Definition
| An anatomical section that is parallel to the midline. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sagittal section that divides the brain into two approximately equal halves. |
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Term
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Definition
| An anatomical section that divides the brain from top to bottom. |
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Term
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Definition
| The layers of membranes that cover the central nervous system and the peripheral nerves. |
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Term
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Definition
| The outermost of the three layers of meninges, found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. |
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Term
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Definition
| The middle layer of the meninges covering the central nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| The innermost of the layers of meninges, found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. |
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Term
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Definition
| A space filled with cerebrospinal fluid that lies between arachnoid and pia mater layers of the meninges in the central nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| An infection of the meninges. |
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Term
| Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) |
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Definition
| The special plasmalike fluid circulating within the ventricles of the brain, the central canal of the spinal cord, and the subarachnoid space. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of four hollow spaces within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| The lining of the ventricles, which secretes the cerebrospinal fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| The small midline channel in the spinal cord that contains cerebrospinal fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the two major blood vessels that travel up the sides of the neck to supply the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the important blood vessels that enter the brain from the back of the skull. |
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Term
| Central Nervous System (CNS) |
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Definition
| The brain and spinal cord. |
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Term
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
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Definition
| The nerves exiting the brain and spinal cord that serve sensory and motor functions for the rest of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| A long cylinder of nervous tissue extending from the medulla to the first lumbar vertebra. |
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Term
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Definition
| The bones of the spinal column that protect and enclose the spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the first eight spinal nerves that serve the area of the head, neck, and arms. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of twelve pairs of spinal nerves that serve the torso. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the five spinal nerves serving the lower back and legs. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the five spinal nerves that serve the backs of the legs and genitals. |
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Term
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Definition
| The most caudal of the spinal nerves. |
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Term
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Definition
| An area of neural tissue primarily made up of myelinated axons. |
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Term
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Definition
| An area of neural tissue primarily made up of cell bodies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gray matter in the spinal cord that contains sensory neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gray matter in the spinal cord that contains motor neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| An involuntary action or response. |
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Term
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Definition
| The knee-jerk reflex; a spinal reflex in which tapping below the knee produces a reflexive contraction of the quadriceps muscle of the thigh, causing the foot to kick. |
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Term
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Definition
| A spinal reflex that pulls a body part away from a source of pain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The most caudal division of the brain, including the medulla, pons, and cerebellum. |
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Term
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Definition
| The division of the brain lying between the hindbrain and forebrain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The division of the brain containing the diencephalon and the telencephalon. |
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Term
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Definition
| The lower two thirds of the brain, including the hindbrain and midbrain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The most caudal part of the hindbrain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The division of the hindbrain containing the pons and cerebellum. |
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Term
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Definition
| Collections of cell bodies that share a function. |
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Term
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Definition
| A collection of brainstem neuclei, located near the midline from the rostral medulla up into the midbrain, that regulate sleep and arousal. |
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Term
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Definition
| A structure located in the metencephalon between the medulla and midbrain; part of the brainstem located in the hindbrain. |
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Term
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Definition
| A structure located in the metencephalon that participates in balance, muscle tone, muscle coordination, some types of learning, and possibly higher cognitive functions in humans. |
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Term
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Definition
| A nucleus found in the pons that receives information about sound from the inner ear. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of cell bodies in the pons that receive input about the location and movement of the head from sensory structures in the inner ear. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nuclei located in the pons that participate in the regulation of sleep and arousal. |
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Term
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Definition
| A structure in the pons that participates in arousal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Another term for midbrain, the division of the brain lying between the hindbrain and forebrain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The "roof," or dorsal half, of the midbrain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The "covering," or ventral half of the midbrain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The small channel running along the midline of the midbrain that connects the third and fourth ventricles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gray matter surrounding the cerebral aqueduct of the midbrain that is believed to play a role in the sensation of pain. |
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Term
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Definition
| A structure located within reticular formation that communicates motor information between the spinal cord and cerebellum. |
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Term
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Definition
| Midbrain nuclei that communicate with the basal ganglia of the forebrain. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pair of bumps on the dorsal surface of the midbrain that coordinate visually guided movements and visual reflexes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pair of bumps on the dorsal surface of the midbrain that process auditory informtaion. |
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Term
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Definition
| A division of the forebrain made up of the hypothalamus and the thalamus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The division of the brain comprising the cerebral hemispheres. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the two large, globular structures that make up the telecephalon of the forebrain. |
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Term
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Definition
| A structure in the diencephalon that processes sensory information, contributes to states of arousal, and participates in learning and memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| A structure found in the diencephalon that participates in the regulation of hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, and aggression; part of the limbic system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A gland located just above the roof of the mouth that is connected to the hypothalamus and serves as a major source of hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| A collection of nuclei within the cerebral hemispheres that participate in the control of movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the major nuclei that make up the basal ganglia. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the nuclei contained in the basal ganglia. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the nuclei making up the basal ganglia. |
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Term
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Definition
| A small nucleus, located ventral to the thalamus, that is part of the basal ganglia. |
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Term
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Definition
| A collection of forebrain structures that participate in emotional behavior and learning. |
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Term
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Definition
| A structure deep within the cerebral hemispheres that is involved with the formation of long-term declarative memories; part of the limbic system. |
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Term
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Definition
| An almond-shaped structure in the rostral temporal loves that is part of the limbic system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A segment of older cortex just dorsal to the corpus callosum |
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Term
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Definition
| An area anterior to the thalamus and hypothalamus that is often included as part of the limbic system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A structure extending from the ventral surface of the brain that processes the sense of smell; part of the limbic system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fold of tissue near the hippocampus that is often included in the limbic system. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of two bumps on the ventral surface of the brain that participate in memory and are included in the limbic system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fiber pathway connecting the hippocampus and mammillary bodies that is often included in the limbic system. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the "hills" on the convoluted surface of the cerebral cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| A "valley" in the convoluted surface of the cerebral cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A small type of cell found in layers II and IV of the cerebral cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| A large, triangular cell found in layers III and V of the cerebral cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the four major areas of the cerebral cortex: frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital. |
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Term
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Definition
| The most rostral lobe of the cerebral cortex, seperated from the parietal lobe by the central sulcus and from the temporal lobe by the lateral sulcus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fissure separating the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex; located between the frontal and occipital lobes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The lobe of the cerebral cortex lying ventral and lateral to the frontal and parietal lobes and rostral to the occipital lobe. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fissure separating the temporal and frontal lobes of the cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| The most caudal lobe of the cortex; location of primary visual cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| The major fissure dividing the two cerebral hemispheres on the dorsal side of the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| An area of the cortex that is devoted to the processing of sensory information. |
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Term
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Definition
| An area of the sensory cortex located within the occipital lobe that provides the initial cortical processing of visual information. |
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Term
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Definition
| An area of the sensory cortex located within the temporal lobe that provides the initial cortical processing of sound information. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fold of parietal lobe tissue just caudal to the central sulcus; the location of the primary somatosensory cortex. |
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Term
| Primary Somatosensory Cortex |
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Definition
| An area of the sensory cortex located within the parietal lobe that provides the highest level of processing for body sense such as touch, position, temperature, and pain. |
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Term
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Definition
| An area of the cortex located within the frontal lobe that provides the highest level of command the motor systems. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fold of frontal lobe tissue just rostral to the central sulcus; the location of the primary motor cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| Areas of the cortex that link and integrate sensory and motor information. |
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Term
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Definition
| A wide band of axons connecting the right and left cerebral hemispheres. |
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Term
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Definition
| A small bundle of axons that connects structures in the right and left cerebral hemispheres. |
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Term
| Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex |
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Definition
| An area located at the top sides of the frontal lobe that participates in executive functions such as attention and the planning of behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| An area of the frontal lobe located just behind the eyes involved in impulse control; damage to this area can produce some antisocial behavioral. |
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Term
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Definition
| A surgical procedure in which a large portion of the frontal lobe is separated from the rest of the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| An area near the primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe that participates in speech production. |
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Term
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Definition
| The peripheral nervous system division that brings sensory input to the brain and spinal cord and returns commands to the muscles. |
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Term
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Definition
| The division of the peripheral nervous system that directs the activity of the glands, organs, and smooth muscles of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Twelve pairs of nerves that exit the brain as part of the peripheral nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cranial nerve carrying information about smell to the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cranial nerve carrying information from the eyes to the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The cranial nerve that carries information from the inner ear to the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cranial nerve the controls muscles of the eye. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cranial nerve that controls the muscles of the eye. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cranial nerve that controls the muscles of the eye. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cranial nerve that controls the muscles of the neck. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cranial nerve responsible for movement of the tongue. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cranial nerve that controls chewing movements and provides feedback regarding facial expression. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cranial nerve that produces muscle movement in facial expressions and that carries taste information back to the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cranial nerve that manages both sensory and motor functions in the throat. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cranial nerve that serves the heart, liver, and digestive tract. |
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Term
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Definition
| Spinal nerves that carry both sensory and motor information. |
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Term
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Definition
| A nerve that carries sensory information to the CNS. |
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Term
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Definition
| A nerve that carries motor commands away from the CNS. |
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Term
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Definition
| A collection of cell bodies of afferent nerves located just outside the spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| A set of techniques that enable people to control typically unconscious or involuntary functions such as blood pressure. |
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Term
| Sympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
| The division of the autonomic nervous system that coordinates arousal. |
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Term
| Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
| The division of the autonomic nervous system responsible for rest and energy storage. |
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Term
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Definition
| A string of cell bodies outside the spinal cord that receive input from sympathetic neurons in the central nervous system and that communicate with target organs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which favorable traits would become more common and unfavorable traits would become less common in subsequent generations due to differences among organisms in their ability to reproduce successfully. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of an organism with one genetic makeup to reproduce more successfully than organisms with other types of genetic makeup. |
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Term
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Definition
| The phylum of animals that possess true brains and spinal cords. Also known as vertebrates. |
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Term
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Definition
| A primate in the family Hominidae, of which Homo sapiens is the only surviving member. |
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Term
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Definition
| The species of modern humans. |
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