Term
| Between-subjects experiment: |
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Definition
| a different group of subjects is tested under each treatment condition of an experiment |
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| within subjects experiment- |
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| the same group of subjects is tested under each condition |
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| Used to determine cause-and-effect relationships, have independent and dependent variables |
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| Studies of groups of subjects exposed to conditions in the real world. These are not real experimetns as pontential confounded variables have not been controlled |
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| Focus on a single case or subject, more in-depth than other approaches. Good source of testable hypothesis. Major problem is generalizability: degree to which results can be applied to other cases |
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| Processes visual information, located in the posterior portion of the brain |
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| Processes somatosensory information, located anterior and dorsal to the occipital lobe |
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| Processes auditory information, language comprehension, and memory. Located ventral to the parietal lobe. |
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| Voluntary motor behavior, taste, smell, language production, emotion, problem solving, and others. Phineas gage. |
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| acts to conserve energy and promote vegetative functions of the body |
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| Prepares the body to cope with an emergency, stressful, or arousing situation |
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| Nervous system is one continuous entity, much like the circulatory system |
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| Nerves communicate by contact not continuity; developed by Cajal |
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| Dorsal side of spinal cord |
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Definition
| Point where afferent (sensory) nerves meet spinal cord |
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| Ventral side of spinal cord |
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Definition
| Point where efferent (motor) nerves enter the spinal cord |
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| Made up of mainly myelinated axons, makes up outer area of spinal cord |
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| Mainly made up of cell bodies, makes up the inner portion of the spinal cord |
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| The study of the neural mechanisms of behavior through direct manipulation of the brain in controlled experiments. |
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| specialized cells for reception, conduction, and transmission of electrochemical signals |
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| Supportive cells of the nervous system. Produce myelin. Outnumber neurons 10:1. |
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| Myelin producing glial cells in the CNS. Cover multiple axons. |
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| Myelin producing glial cells in the PNS. Myelinate fewer axons at a time than ogliodendrocytes, but can guide axonal regeneration. |
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| Metabolic center of the neuron, also called the soma |
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| The semi permeable membrane that encloses the neuron. |
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| The short processes emanating from the cell body, which receive most of the synaptic contacts from other neurons. |
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| The cone-shaped region at the junction between the axon and the cell body |
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| The fatty insulation around many axons |
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| The gaps between sections of Myelin |
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| The button-like endings of the axon branches, which release chemicals into synapses |
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| The gaps between adjacent neurons across which chemical signals are transmitted |
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| Mechanism that impedes the passage of many toxic substances from the blood into the brain. Barrier of tightly packed cells stops proteins and other large molecules. Certain molecules pass through, glucose is actively transported through. |
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Definition
| Sodium and Chlorine rush into the cell, potassium rushes out causing an action potential. Action ptential moves down axon, presynaptic membrane is depolarized and calcium rushes in. Calcium causes vesicles to fuse with presynaptic membrane and release NT into synaptic cleft. Binding of transmitter to receptor molecules in the postsynaptic membrane opens channels, permitting ion flow and initiating an excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potential. Potentials spread passively over dendrites and the cell body to the axon hillock. |
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Term
| The sodium potassium pump |
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Definition
| Used to restore resting potential, form of active transport, uses ATP. You give 3 of Na it gives 2 of K. Bringo. |
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Definition
| The size and shape of the action potential is independent of intensity of the stimulus that initiated it |
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| 1st step of action potential |
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Definition
| Rising phase: sodium channels open |
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Term
| 2nd step of action potential |
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Definition
| rising phase: potassium channels open |
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| 3rd step of action potential |
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Definition
| Sodium channels close, repolarization begins |
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| fourth step of action potential |
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Definition
| potassium channels close, hyperpolarization begins |
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| Absolute refractory period |
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Definition
| impossible to initiate another action potential |
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| Relative refractory period |
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Definition
| Difficult to initiate another action potential |
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Definition
| Is a sheath of fatty tissue that improves neural conduction. If it degenerates neural activity and behavior sufer greatly. |
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Definition
| Molecules released from active neurons and influence activity of other cells. Neurotransmitters bind to post synaptic recepters then either depolarize the receptive membrane or hyperpolarize it. |
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Definition
| Integration of events happening at different times |
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Definition
| Integration of events happening at different times |
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Definition
| Increases or facilitates activity |
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Definition
| Decreases or inhibits activity. |
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| 2 Main areas of the forebrain |
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Definition
1. Telencephalon
2. Diencephalon |
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| Important part of the midbrain |
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Definition
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| Important parts of the hindbrain |
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Definition
1. Metencephalon
2. Myelencephalon |
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Definition
| Excitatory post synaptic potential, depolarizes the neuron. Increases likelihood of neuron to fire. |
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Definition
| Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potentials: hyperpolarize the neuron, decrease the likelihood of firing |
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Definition
| Actiono potentials, Neurotransmitters, and soluble gases |
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Term
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Definition
| NR binds and an associated ion channel opens or closes, causing a psp. If Na+ channels are opened EPSP occurs, if K+ channels are opened IPSP occurs |
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Definition
| Slower effects. NT 1st messenger binds. G protein subunit breaks away. Ion channel opened/closed or a 2nd messenger is synthesized. 2nd messengers may have a wide variety of effects |
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Definition
| fMRI: shows brain activity, measures magnetec resonance of O2. MRI: measures magnetic resonance of hydrogen, shows brain structures clearer than CT scan. |
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Definition
| All mammals have similar nervous systems, and ethical standards prevent the use of human test subjects in invasive experiments. |
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| Intercellular unit recording |
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Definition
| A moment by moment record of the graded fluctuations in one neuron's membrane potential. Most of the time subjects are immobilized because it is almost impossible to keep the electrode in one cell of a freely moving animal. |
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| Extracellular unit recording |
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Definition
| Records of action potential of a neuron through a microelectrode whose tip is positioned in the extracellular fluid nect to the neuron of interest |
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Definition
| Electrode tip is much larger than that of a microelectrode, thus, it picks up signals from many neurons. |
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Definition
| Developed neuron doctrin; neurites of different neurons are continuous but do not come in contract |
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| Soaked brain in silver chromate, first to view neurons in their entirety, reticular theory |
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Definition
| Lobotomy damaged parietal lobe, had no short term memory. |
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Term
| The neurotransmitter group Catecholamines |
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Definition
| Synthesized from tyrosine: Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine |
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| Synthesized to norepinephrine |
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Definition
| Synthesized from tryptophan; serotonin |
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Definition
| Acetyl group+choline. First identified at neuromuscular junction. Small molecule NT. Broken down in the synapse by enzyme acytlcholinesterase. |
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Term
| Seven steps of neurotransmission (1/7) |
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Definition
| Synthesis of the neurotransmitter |
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| Seven steps of the neurotransmitter (2/7) |
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Definition
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| Seven steps in neurotransmission (3/7) |
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Definition
| breakdown in the cytoplasm of any neurotransmitter that leaks from the vesicles |
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Term
| Seven steps in neurotransmission (4/7) |
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Definition
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Term
| Seven steps of neurotransmission (5/7) |
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Definition
| inhibitory feedback via autoreceptors |
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Term
| Seven steps of neurotransmission (6/7) |
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Definition
| Activation of postsynaptic receptors |
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Term
| Seven steps of postsynaptic receptors (7/7) |
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Definition
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