Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Biopsychology
John Pinel chap. 5
44
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
10/02/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Contrast Xray Techniques 103
Definition
Regular xray no good. This injects a substance that absorbs xrays (contrast)
Term
Cerebral Angiography 103
Definition
Infusion of radio-opaque dye into cerebral artery to view cerebral circulatory system. Good for localizing vascular damage.
Term
Computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) 103
Definition
Computer assisted x-ray used to visualize brain of other internal structures. Rotates around head taking many different slices (1000's) of the brain to create cross section. Particularly good at detecting abnormalities such as swelling of an area.
Term
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)104
Definition
3D images of brains soft tissue, by detecting magnetic activity from nuclear particles in brain molecules. Aligns hydrogen molecules in the h2o. clearer image than ct.
Term
Spatial resolution 104
Definition
3D effect from MRI
Term
Positron emission tomography 104
Definition
Measure over minutes of average neural activity (rather than structure)in diff. brain regions consumption of sugar glucose, the brains chemical fuel.
Radioactive 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) is injected usually into carotid artery.
Term
Functional MRI 105
Definition
Measures over 2 seconds the average neural activity in diff. brain regions, by showing fluctuations in blood oxygen levels. Signal recored called BOLD signal.
Term
Functional MRI 105 (cont)
Definition
Advtges. much sharper than PET, can identify smaller structures. One image provides structural and functional information. No injections
Term
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) 106

Temporal resolution (can record fast changes in neural activity) _ Brain image archives
Definition
measures changes in magnetic fields on surface of scalp (produced by underlying neural activity)
Term
Transcranial magnetic stimulation. (TMS) 107
Definition
Disrupts the activity in an area of the cortex by creating a magnetic field under a coil positioned next to the skull.
Term
(scalp) Electroencephalography (EEG) 107
Definition
Psycho-physiological recording method - Measured thru electrodes, Waves reflect the sum total of all electrical events in the head, particular wave forms associated with state of consciousness, studies the brains response to specific events (evoked potential), valuable diagnostic tool.
Term
(scalp) Electroencephalography (wave types) 107
Definition
Alpha - regular 8 12 second high amplitude waves, relaxed wakefulness.
Beta - Aroused, stimulated
Theta - Asleep
Delta - Deep asleep
Term
Event-related potential (erp's)108
Definition
accompanying waves to certain psychological events that occur in the background EEG signal.
Term
Sensory evoked potential (type of ERP) 108
Definition
the change in cortical EEG signal elicited by a momentary stimulus. (like detecting a whisper in a rock concert)
Term
Signal averaging 108
Definition
method of reducing the noise in the background EEG
Term
Far field positions 109
Definition
small waves, although recorded on scalp originate far away in the sensory nuculi of the brain stem.
Term
Muscle tension 109
Electromyogram
(Somatic Nervous System Activity)
Definition
procedure for measuring muscle tension. Measures the difference in the voltage between 2 large electrodes placed on the skin above a large muscle.
The Amplitude of the EMG shows the combined level of tension in the underlying muscle.
Term
Eye movement (SNS)110
Electooculography (EOG)
Definition
Eye movements are recorded by placing 4 electrodes around the eye. Direction of movement and speed can be determined.
Term
Skin Conductance Level (SCL) 110
Skin conductive response (SCR)
(Autonomic Nervous System Activity)
Definition
General level of skin conductance associated with a particular situation.
Emotional thoughts and experiences are associated with increases.
Term
Cardiovascular Activity 110 (electrocardiogram)(ECG) or (EKG - german)
Definition
Shows changes in cardiac functions that reflect changes in emotion.
Term
Invasive Physiological Methods 111
Definition
Fall into 3 categories: lesion, stimulation, recording. SEE NEXT
Term
Stereotaxic surgery 111
Definition
requires an sterotaxic atlas (to locate brain structures. And a stereotaxic instrument To hold the head and electrode holder.
Term
Lesion methods 112
Definition
Aspiration - cortical tissue is drawn off by suction through a glass pipette.
Radio-frequency - sub cortical lesions are made by passing high frequency current thru the target tissue: heat from current destroys tissue. Duration and intensity dependent.
Term
Lesion methods (cont.) 112
Definition
Knife cuts - a device is sterotaxically inserted into brain, blade swings out to make cut.
Phamacologically (neurotoxins)Chemicals destroy only the cell bodies of neurons. 6-OMDA Kills neurons that secrete dopamine and NE, 5-6 DHT seritonin, AF64A - acetycholine (ACH)
Term
Lesion (cont) 112)
Definition
Reversible lesions, local anesthesia into brain(potassium cloride) spreads depression. Cryogenic blockage (thermolesions)- implant cryoprobe and cool area still cells stop firing. (above 32o)When warm return to normal.
Term
Electrical stimulation 113
Recording method
Definition
Developed by Fritsch and Hitzig. Weak pulse current produces firing of neurons near tip of electrode. Stimulation research done prior to lesioning. Stimulation and lesioning are important mapping procedures to address localization issues. Sensoory/motor areas, eating, drinking, emotion centers etc
Term
Invasive recording method 113
Definition
intracellular unit recording - microelectrode into a neuron measures changes in membrane potential ofa aneuron over time.
Term
Invasive recording (cont) 113
Definition
Extracellular-unit recording microelectrode positioned near neuron, records firing of that neuron.
Term
Invasive recording (cont)114
Definition
Multiple unit recording, detects rate of firing of many neurons in general vicinity of electrodes tip. Larger electrode used.
Term
invasive recording (cont)114
Definition
Invasive EEG recording - Implanted electrodes used to record EEG in lab animals, as scalp alone does not provide as clear recordings.

All these are used to study microscopic functions of individual neurons.
Term
Neuropsychological testing 118
Definition
only small portion of needy brain damaged get due to time consumption. But helps i 3 ways: assisting diagnosis of neural disorders / serve a basis for counseling and caring / provides basis for objectively evaluating effectiveness of treatment and side effects.
Term
Single test approach 118
Standardized-test-battery approach 119
Customized battery approach 119
Definition
single - unsuccessful
standard -only marginally better
custom- highly successful
Term
Wechsler Adult intelligence test (WAIS) 119
Definition
General test of intelligence. Having IQ baseline helps interpretation of subsequent tests. Can draw an inference about neuropsychological dysfunction.
Term
Memory tests 119
Definition
Digit span - longest sequence of random digits that can be repeated correctly 50% of the time. See hemispheric damage pg 119... also wisconson card sorting Pg 121
Term
Language tests 120
Definition
Token test: twenty tokens 2 different shapes. (squares and circles) 5 colors (w,b,y,g,r), 2 sizes (l,s)
Term
Language lateralization 120
Definition
Sodium amytal test- injection
Dichotic listening test - spoken digits
Term
Test of perceptual motor function 120
(visuospatial ability)
Definition
Block design subtest (WAIS)
Complex figure test
Methods used to assess psychological deficits suspected of brain injury.
Customized battery approach is used by most Neuropsychologists.
Term
general tests (WAIS) 119-120
Definition
most begin with this, 11 subsets; 6 comprise verbal scale(ex. digit span, infromation); 5 comprise performance scale (block design, object assembly)
Term
general tests (WAIS) 119-120
Definition
most begin with this, 11 subsets; 6 comprise verbal scale(ex. digit span, infromation); 5 comprise performance scale (block design, object assembly)
Term
General test of Memory deficits 121
Definition
WAIS digit span most common test of verbal short term memory (STM)
WAIS information test (who is the president?) quick way to identify gross deficits in long term memory (LTM)
Term
General test of language 120
Definition
Token test - see previous... Incorrect responses may indicate damage to the comprehension area
Term
Lateralization of language. 120
Definition
See previous sodium- Amytal
Dichotic listening (kimura)
Term
Specific frontal lobe function 120
Definition
Wisconsin card sorting test- see previous.
frontal lobe damage results in poor adaptation to rule changes( respond to previously correct fashion after it has become incorrect)
Term
Perceptual motor function 121
Definition
LH damage if Subject copies overal config. but omit details
RH damage if subject copies detail but loses overall configuration.
Supporting users have an ad free experience!