Term
| What is the main precursor for acetylcholine? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where is acetylcholine produced? |
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Definition
In the Central Nervous System: Dorsalateral Pons
In the Peripheral Nervous System: Neuromuscular Junction |
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Term
| Which neurotransmitter regulates REM Sleep? |
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Definition
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Term
| What drug can inhibit acetylcholine release? |
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Definition
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Term
| Black widow spider venom excites the release of what neurotransmitter? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which receptors are affected by nicotine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of receptors are acetylcholine receptors found on muscle cells and in the brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two types of acetylcholine receptors? |
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Definition
| Muscarinic (Metabotropic) and Nicotinic (Ionotropic) |
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Term
| What type of aceytlcholine receptor is predominantly found in the central nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 3 types of monoamines and what are their precursors? |
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Definition
| Dopamine, Norepinephrine and Epinepherine - Tyrosine and L-Dopa |
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Term
| What does rate-limiting factor mean? |
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Definition
| It is when enzymes are in such short supply that they restrict the rate at which a neurotransmitter is produced. |
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Term
| What type of receptor are dopamine receptors? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is dopamine's impact (excitatory or inhibitory)? |
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Definition
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Term
| The Nigrostriatal System originates where? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the Nigrostatal System? |
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Definition
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Term
| What disease is the Nigrostatal System associated with? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the origin of the Mesolimbic System? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are the terminals for the mesolimbic system? |
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Definition
| The Limbic Systema & Nucleus Accumbens |
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Term
| What is the function of the mesolimbic system? |
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Definition
| Rewarding Effects of Drugs, Memory, Motivation |
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Term
| What is the original of the Mesocortical System? |
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Definition
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Term
| Acetylcholine is involved in the basal forebrain. What does it do there? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does acetylcholine do in the Medial Septum? |
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Definition
| Modulates learning and memory |
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Term
| Where are the terminals of the mesocortical system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the functions of the mesocortical system? |
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Definition
| Organization. Implicated in disorganized behaviour is schizophrenia |
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Term
| What is the origin of the tuberoinfundibular system? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the terminal for the tuberoinfundibular system? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the function of the tuberoinfudibular system? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are the origins of norephinephrine? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where are the terminals of norephinephrine? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What type of receptors are norephinephrine receptors? |
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Definition
| All Metabotropic - respond to both epinephrine and norephinephrine |
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Term
| Is norepinephrine inhibitory or excitatory? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the functions of norepiephrine? |
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Definition
Vilgilance (awareness), emotions
(Increased Norepinephrine = mania and decreased Norepinephrine = depression) |
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Term
| What are axonal varicosities? |
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Definition
| Bead-like swelling along the axon that release noreinephrine all over the brain |
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Term
| Tryptophan is the precursor for what neurotransmitter? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is serotonin excitatory or inhibitory? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Are serotonin receptors ionotropic or metabotropic? |
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Definition
| There is one ionotropic receptor involved in vomiting, and the rest are metabotropic |
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Term
| The Dorsal Raphe projects to what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The medial raphe projects to what? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Both dorsal and medial raphes project where? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the functions of dorsal and medial raphes? |
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Definition
Depression
Anxiety
Appetite
Aggressive Behaviour |
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Term
| Name the three glutamate pathways. |
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Definition
| Cortico-cortical, thalamo-cortical, cortico-striatal |
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Term
| True or False: Glutamate is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain |
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Definition
| False: It is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA is the main inhibitory |
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Term
| Are the receptors for Glutamate metabotropic or ionotropic? |
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Definition
| 1 is metabotropic and three are ionotropic - NMDA, AMPA (important in learning and memory) |
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Term
| Which ions are involved in the NMDA Glutamate receptors? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Explain why the NMDA receptors are special. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| There are two types of GABA receptors. What are they called and what types are they? |
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Definition
GABAa - ionotropic
GABAb - metabotropic |
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|
Term
| How many binding sites are there on GABA? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What effects do barbiturates and alcohol have on GABA receptors? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Picrotoxin has what effect on the GABA receptors? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What effect do steroids have on GABA receptor binding sites? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What effects do benzodiazepines have on GABA receptors? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Chloride Channel will have what effect on GABA receptors? |
|
Definition
| Will INHIBIT the postsynaptic cell |
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Term
| True or false: There is no reuptake or 'recycling' for peptides? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Endogenous Opiods? |
|
Definition
| Natural Ligands for receptors that bind to opiate drugs |
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|
Term
| What are the effects of opiate receptors? |
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Definition
| Analgesia, inhibition of defensive response, reinforcement (reward) |
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Term
| Which type of neurotransmitter does not have receptors and goes directly into other cells? |
|
Definition
| Soluble gases (Nitric Oxide) |
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|
Term
| Soluble gases activate or inhibit? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Drugs can impact 8 different things. What are they? |
|
Definition
DRIPS RSP
Degredation, Release, Inactivation, Postsynaptic Receptors, Synthesis, Reuptake, Storage, Presynaptic Receptors |
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Term
|
Definition
| Enhances the effect of the neurotransmitter (Ron Weasley) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Impedes the effects of the neurotransmitter (Voldemort) |
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|
Term
| L-Dopa is an agonist or antagonist for Dopamine? |
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Definition
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Term
| PCPA affects what neurotransmitter, and how does it affect it? |
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Definition
| Antagonist for Serotonin (inactivates synthesis) |
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Term
| Which neurotransmitter do Reserpines effect and are they agonists or antagonists? |
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Definition
| Monoamines - Antagonist (prevents the storage of the neurotransmitter in the vesicle) |
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Term
| What does black widow spider effect? In what way does it effect it? |
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Definition
| Acetylcholine, agonist, stimulates the release of the neurotransmitter |
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Term
| What is an example of a drug inhibiting the release of a neurotransmitter? |
|
Definition
| Botilinum toxin on acetylcholine (antagonist) |
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|
Term
| Which neurotransmitter does ecstasy effect? |
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Definition
| Serotonin - increase - agonist |
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|
Term
| Drugs can stimulate postsynaptic receptors. What is an example of this? |
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Definition
| Nicotine on acetylcholine receptors. Results in more acetylcholine, therefore it's an agonist |
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Term
| Drugs can block post synaptic receptors. What is an example of this? |
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Definition
| Curare on acetylcholine - antagonist |
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Term
| Drugs can stimulate autoreceptors. What is an example of this? |
|
Definition
| Apomorphine on dopamine autoreceptors - acts an an antagonist. |
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Term
| Drugs can blockautoreceptors. What is an example of this? |
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Definition
| Clonidine on norepinephrine - agonist |
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Term
| Drugs can block reuptake. What is an example of this? |
|
Definition
| Cocaine on dopamine - acts as an agonist |
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|
Term
| Drugs can prevent the breakdown. What is an example of this? |
|
Definition
| Monoamine oxidative inhibitors - agonists |
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Term
|
Definition
| Direct action is when something attaches directly to the binding site of a neurotransmitter - involved in competitive binding |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Indirect action is when something attaches to the receptor at the location not used by the neurotransmitter - involved in non-competitive bonding |
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Term
|
Definition
| Exogenous substance, not necessarily for normal function, which alters the function of cells. |
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|
Term
| What physiological and behavioural effects does ritalin have? |
|
Definition
| Blocks reuptake of dopamine, increases serotonin. Increased attention. |
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|
Term
| What makes up the blood brain barrier? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three areas that do not have the blood brain barrier? |
|
Definition
| Pineal gland - chemicals that affect the night/day cycle, area postrema - vomiting chemicals, pituitary - chemicals that affect hormones |
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|
Term
| What is lipid solubility? |
|
Definition
| If something dissolves easily in lipids, it will enter the blood barrier with ease |
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Term
|
Definition
| When drugs are bound to molecules, such as proteins and they cannot reach the brain, this is done to delay or prolong the effect of the drug depending on its nature |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Amount you need to have an impact |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| When your body compensates for the effects of the drug and shuts down receptors. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Symptoms produced when a person stops taking the drug, usually opposite of drug effects. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Increased effectiveness of a drug. |
|
|
Term
| Describe physical dependence. |
|
Definition
| Physiological changes due to repeated intake of a drug. Marked by unpleasant withdrawal. Symptoms when the drug is discontinued. |
|
|
Term
| What is psychological dependence? |
|
Definition
| A psychological need to continue using a drug. When a drug induces a pleasurable state,m people may continue to use the drug to maintain that state. Marked by craving. |
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