Term
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Definition
| the study of biological foundations of behaviout, emotions and mental processes |
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Definition
| the study of the nervous system |
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Definition
| another name for biological psychology |
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| What are the five approaches to biopsych? |
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Definition
1. describing behaviour
2. studying evolution of behaviour
3. observing the development of behaviour over the life span
4. Studying biological mechanisms of behaciour
5. Studying applications of biological psychology, as in behavioural dysfunction |
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| Five Approaches to Biopsych: Describing behaviour |
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Definition
philosophers started this type of biospsych...observed people then said why they thought the person was going that then made assumptions. Used in the 50's with mice running in mazes.
Con: no way to objectively describe
Pro: most research questions are developed through observation |
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| Five Approaches to Biopsych: Studying evolution of behaviour |
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Definition
| looked at what brain structures were conserved ove across species (a lot of systems in vertebrates ae conserved). Knowing what is conserved helps us understand the role of certain parts of the brain. Hormones are conserved across species |
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| Five Approaches to Biopsych: Observing the development of behaviour over the lifespan |
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Definition
| how does our body do things? we see behaviours but what causes it to happen? Ex: memory, everyone has them but where int he brain are they stored? |
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Term
| Levels of Analysis: Social level |
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Definition
| individuals behaving in social interaction, can make inferences about their biological psychology |
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| Levels of Analysis: Organ level |
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Definition
| brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and eyes |
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| Levels of Analysis: neural systems level |
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Definition
| eyes and visual brain regions |
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| Levels of Analysis: brain region level |
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Definition
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| Levels of Analysis: Circuit level |
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Definition
| local neural circuit. ex; retina and thalamus, how do they interact? |
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| Levels of Analysis: cellular level |
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Definition
| single neuron, ... study a neuron, what makes it fire? what makes it die? |
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| Levels of Analysis: Molecular level |
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Definition
| membrane receptors, specifically studying neurotransmitters |
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Term
| What are the levels of analysis?(8) |
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Definition
Social
Organ
Neural
Brain
Circuit
Cellular
Synaptic
Molecular |
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Term
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Definition
| messing with the body of an organism and watching how it reacts. Manipulating the body may affect behaviour |
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Definition
Experience affects the body (including the brain)
Opposite of somatic intervention... change something in the environment, how does their biological response change?
ex: put a male with a female and their levels of testosterone increase
- measures electrical responses (ex: EEG)
- changes connections between neurons...anything you learn changes the connections in your brain |
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Term
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Definition
| body and behavioural measures covary. this happens fairly often in biopsych. How do things relate? |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of the nervous system to change in the response to experience or the environment |
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| Biopsychology is about the reciprocal relationship between _____ and _____. |
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Definition
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| _____ psychology and biopsychology are intertwined |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| egyptians sutdied the brain...the first written record of the brain. thought that the heart was responsible for feeling and thinking because it is the central organ. they though the brain was highly unimportant...they took it out before mummification |
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Term
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Definition
anatomical --> the heart connects with all the sense organs, it is centrally located
embryological --> develops before the brain
Observational --> sensitive to touch and emotion
Physiological --> provides blood which is necessary for sensation, and the heart is warm |
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Term
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Definition
| Described the nervous system as a machine in which animal spirits would flow down nerves into muscles, and mental processes reside in the pineal gland (because it was at the centre of the brain and there was only one which is rare) |
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Term
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Definition
| study of the bumps of the skull. each part of the brain was responsible for different types of behaviour. mapping of the brain. |
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Definition
| modern phrenology, localization of function |
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Definition
| First to introduce an explicit link between physiology and psychology. He is considered one of the founders of psychology and the founder of biopsychology. He was a physiologist....knew there had to be a connection between behaviour and body |
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Term
Methods of Neuroscience: Histology
Pros/Cons
Describe |
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Definition
The study of microscopic structures and tissues. Provides means for observing structure, organization, and connections of individual cells.
uses a microtome machine and specialized stains |
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Term
| Histology: Fixation and Sectioning (3) |
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Definition
| Perfusion, Fixation, Sectioning |
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Definition
| the blood is removed from the vessels and replaced by a saline solution |
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Definition
| the brain is placed in a fixative which hardens and preserves the tissue |
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Definition
| slicing the brain into sections for further examination |
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Definition
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Definition
| neuron injected with fluorescent dye |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| beams of electrons are used to transfer the image onto micrograph film. can see very fine details |
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Term
[image]
what is T? what are the arrows pointing to? |
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Definition
| t is a terminal button and the arrows point to the synpatic cleft |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
towards the back
caudal means tail
posterior like butt |
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Term
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Definition
| like the dorsal fin of a shark... so on the back |
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Term
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Definition
| the belly (like ventre in french) |
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Term
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Definition
| Lateral refers to a point of reference to the outside or away from the center of the body, while medial indicates a point of reference toward the middle of the body. |
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Definition
proximal means closer to
distal means far or distance |
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Term
[image]
what does each colour represent |
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Definition
blue--> horizontal
red--> coronal
green-->saggital |
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Term
[image]
what is each colour |
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Definition
blue --> horizontal
green --> sagittal
red --> coronal |
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Term
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Definition
| dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater |
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Term
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Definition
| a meninge, follows the outline of the skill, it is the most durable/thick layer of the meninges (has a thick leathery texture), it is the most protective layer |
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Term
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Definition
| has spidery looking things between the arachnoid space and the pia mater |
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Term
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Definition
| thin tissue like structure, almost clear...follows all of the convolutions of the brain closely |
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Term
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Definition
fluid that fills the ventricles, provides nutrients to the brain, cleans it up...
ex: when they do a spinal tap they are looking at cerebral spinal fluid to measure a good collection of what is in the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| there are 4 --> two lateral ones which are the biggest, the third is between the two lobes of the thalamus... the fourth ventricle is below the cerebral aqueduct (water goes down through this to the 4th) |
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Term
| Blood supply comes from two arteries.... |
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Definition
| vertebral artery and carotid artery...they are joined by the circle of willis |
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Term
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Definition
| see picture on slide 12 of ppt 2 |
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Term
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Definition
| weakness in blood vessel... in order for blood to flow properly you need strong arteries and enough blood pressure for the blood to flow properly |
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Term
| What are the two major divisions of the nervous system? |
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Definition
| central nervous system and peripheral nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
brain and spinal cord
clusters of cell bodies (nuclei)
Clusters of axons (tract) |
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Term
| Peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
nerves, peripheral ganglia
clusters of cell bodies (ganglia)
Clusters of axons (nerves) |
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Term
| the peripheral nervous system is further broken down into.... |
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Definition
| the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system |
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Term
| the autonomic nervous system is broken down into... |
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Definition
| the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| things that aren't in your voluntary control |
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Term
| Memorize slide 19 of ppt 2 |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the brainstem is more primitive whereas the forebrain includes more complex functions |
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Term
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Definition
| executive function, reasoning, motor function, planning, language, most anterior part of the brain, higher level cognitive processing, decision making....it is the boss of the other parts of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| auditory function, memory (hippocampus is in this lobe), temporal lobe looks like it's earmuffs behind the ears |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| somatosensory, spatial, touches all three other lobes, it incorporates information from other sensory systems, receives feedback from frontal lobe....brings everything together |
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Term
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Definition
| a dip/valley in the brain |
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Definition
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| memorize slide 21 on ppt 2 |
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Definition
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| memorize slide 22 of ppt 2 |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| very closely linked with the limbic system, which is responsible for memory |
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Term
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Definition
| jam packed with dopamine neurons, dopamine is very much involved in reward and enjoyment and also motor function |
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Term
| although the thalamus is in the middle of the ______ , it is actually part of the ______. |
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Definition
| telencephalon, diencephalon |
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Term
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Definition
controls autonomic and endocrine systems, is in the diencephalon....
controls flighting, fleeing, feeding and sexual behaviour (the 4 f's) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the bump on the front of the brainstem, involved in sleep and arousal, communications with the cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
| coordinated movements, receives info from all sensory modalities, responsible for primal basic functions and gives info about autonomic function to hypothalamus and thalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| reticular formation and involved in vital functions....mainly it keeps you breathing |
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Term
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Definition
| located on the caudal end of the brain... it is a long tube of gray and white matter with axons travelling through it |
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Term
| the 5 divisions of the spinal cord |
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Definition
cervical
thorarcic
lumbar
sacral
coccygeal |
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Term
| cervical portion of spinal cord |
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Definition
| eight vertbrae controlling movement and taking in sensation from the neck....controls motor movement of neck and upper shoulders |
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Term
| thoarcic portion of spinal cord |
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Definition
| 12 sets of spinal nerves/vertebrae...involved in motor movement and sensation going to and from your trunk/middle portion of your body |
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Term
| lumbar portion of the spinal cord |
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Definition
| consists of 5 vertebrae and 5 spinal nerves... controls input and output to lower back |
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Definition
| 5 spinal nerves controlling pelvic area, including genitals |
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| coccygeal portion of spinal cord |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| olfactory, trigeminal, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, hypoglossal, abducens, trochlear, oculomotor, optic |
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Term
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Definition
| conveys scent/odor sensory information to the brain |
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Definition
| takes in visual information from the world, attached to the back of your eyeball |
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Definition
| controls movements of the eye but mostly controls your pupil and how much light is being let into your eyeball, and eye lid movements |
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Definition
| controls the up and down movement of your eyes and eye rolling |
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Definition
in animals, it controls the clear coating they can put of their eyes.
in humans it controls lateral/side to side movement |
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Definition
| back of the mouth, tongue and throat, responsible for swallowing and the tongue portion |
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Term
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Definition
| it is the closest to the spinal cord, controls upper portion of your neck |
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Term
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Definition
very important, has both sensory and motor components...connected to all of your internal organs and it is what keeps those organs doing what they need to do
(ex: if you have a stomach ache, you know because your vagus nerve) |
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Term
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Definition
| controls throat muscles and also perceives taste from the back of your tongue and middle ear... swallowing at the reflex level, and helps you breathe and vomit |
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Term
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Definition
| helps gives feedback information about balance |
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Term
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Definition
| motor control of facial muscles, salivary glands and tear glans, does not control your jaw.... provides sensory feedback from your face (cheeks!) |
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Term
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Definition
| involved in facial sensation, further up on the face in the forehead region |
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Term
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Definition
| voluntary, controls skeletal muscles, transmits somatosensory information |
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Definition
involuntary, controls vegetative functions (smooth and cardiac muscle and glands)
involves two systems --> sympathetic and parasympathetic |
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Term
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Definition
expend energy, fight or flight response
heart rate increases, sweat, secondary functions shut down, heavy breathing |
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Definition
conserve energy, relaxation response, largely controlled by the vagus nerve, helps you relax
slows down heart rate, affects hormones allowing you to go to sleep, slows breathing, increases rate of digestion |
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Term
| look at slides 38-40 on ppt 2 |
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Definition
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