Term
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Definition
| drilling a hole into the skull thought to treat convulsions or behavioral problems |
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Term
| Hippocrates Humoral Theory: |
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Definition
| disease was caused by imbalance of humors e.g., For example, epilepsy was thought to be the result of excessive phlegm and black bile. |
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Term
| Aristotle’s “Radiator” Theory: |
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Definition
| The brain’s intricate network of vessels provided the heart with an outlet for heat |
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Term
| Galen's ventricular localization |
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Definition
| The areas in the brain without tissue are in control of behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the mind and body are separate entities that influence each other. |
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Term
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Definition
| looking at people with brain injuries lead to this idea e.g. broca's area |
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Term
| Left and Right Hemisphere faces: |
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Definition
right: emotional expression
left: facial recognition |
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Term
| Law of specific nerve energies |
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Definition
Different sensory system would have different mechanism for communication
Communication mechanism is the same but the location of it/arrangement of it would determine function (Topographical)
Law is: interpretation is same but the location/original is going to dictate how it gets interpreted |
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Term
Neurons:
Function
Developers |
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Definition
Neurons do the work of communication
Purkinje first person to draw a neuron (1830’s)
Golgi developed a staining procedure to examine individual neurons that revealed net like processes
Way brain areas connected is through their nets
Ramon-cells are individual, not fused together
Sherrington-cells communicate across these gapssynapses |
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Term
| Cells in the Nervous System |
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Definition
Neurons
Many types of neurons exist, but the prototypical multipolar neuron serves as a model
Glia
Microglia, astrocytes and oligodendroglia
Blood-brain barrier
CNS capillary cells are unique |
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Term
| Parts of a multipolar neuron |
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Definition
• Soma: The cell body of a neuron, which contains the nucleus (provides for life processes)
• Dendrites: A branched, treelike structure attached to the soma of a neuron; receives information from the terminal buttons of other neurons
• Synapse: A junction between the terminal button of an axon and the membrane of another neuron
• Axon: The long thin cylindrical structure that conveys information from the soma of a neuron to its terminal buttons (message it carries is action potential)
• Terminal buttons: The bud at the end of a branch of an axon; forms synapses with another neuron; sends information to that neuron |
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Term
| Practice pictures of neurons |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| conveys sensory info quickly but the information it can convey is limited |
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Term
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Definition
| Small receptive area, distinct function (e.g., retinal bipolar cell has distinct communication with retina)-one axon one dendrite |
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Term
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Definition
| Transmit sensory info from the environment to the CNS (one axon attached to its soma that divides with one branch receiving sensory info and the other sending info into the CNS) |
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Term
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Definition
| One axon and many dendrites attached to its soma |
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Term
| Practice with slide 5 neurofunction |
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Definition
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Term
| Principal parts of a multipolar neuron |
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Definition
Soma: contains the nucleus and much of the machinery that provides for the life processes of the cell
Dendrites are the recipient of the messages
Synapse: what messages pass from neuron to neuron across the, a junction of the terminal buttons between the sending cell and a portion of the somatic or dendritic membrane of the receiving cell
Axon: carries info from cell body to terminal buttons
Terminal buttons: release the neurotransmitter, determines whether an action potential occurs in the axon |
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Term
| Direction of action potentials |
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Definition
| While the graded potentials travel in all directions from their point of origin, the action potential goes in one direction because the impact of the graded potential at the location of the previous action potential is diminished because that part of the membrane is hyperpolarized. |
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Term
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Definition
| The message the axon carries, brief electrical chemical event that starts at the end of the axon next to the cell body and and travels toward the terminal buttons, when it reaches the branches it splits but does not diminish |
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Term
| What features of a neuron distinguish it from other cells? |
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Definition
| dendrites and axons, ability to produce specific proteins with ER |
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Term
| What specialized proteins does a neuron need to produce? |
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Definition
| 5 sub units protein (the common part of the protein) |
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Term
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Definition
| Parallel layers of the membrane found within the cytoplasm of a cell. Rough endoplasmic reticulum contains ribosomes and is involved with production of proteins that are secreted by the cell. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is the site of synthesis of lipids and provides channels for the segregation of molecules involved in various cellular processes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| surround synapses, engulf debris, transport nutrients, and provide support for neurons, make sure neurotransmitters do not get away and can pull neurotransmitter cells |
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Term
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Definition
| The myelin sheath is made of oligodendrocyte processes that wrap around the axon. |
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Term
| glial cells are % of cells in the nervous system |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Astrocytes participate in the blood brain barrier, function of capillaries in brain, capillaries in the brain do not have gaps, needs active transport to get things into the brain
Postrema has gaps to detect toxins and get rid of them
Subfornical organ helps regulate water intake
Places where brain needs to figure out what is in the blood
Usually capillaries have small gaps |
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Term
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Definition
Neural Communication is alternating process of neuronal conduction and synaptic transmission
The Neuronal Membrane has properties that make generating electrical signals possible
Signals can be graded potentials or action potentials
Axons are a one-way street for action potentials |
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Term
| Explain the withdrawal reflex |
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Definition
| Sensory neuron detects painful stimuli, dendrites are stimulated, sends message down the axon to terminal buttons (in spinal cord). The terminal buttons of the sensory neuron release a neurotransmitter that excites the interneuron causing it to send a message down its axon. The terminal buttons of the interneuron release a neurotransmitter that excites the motor neuron which sends messages down the axon. The axon of the motor neuron joins a nerve and travels to the muscle. When the terminal buttons of the motor neuron release their neurotransmitter the muscle cells contract. |
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Term
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Definition
| the electrical charge across a cell membrane; the difference in electrical potential inside and outside the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| The membrane potential of a neuron when it is not being altered by excitatory or inhibitory post synaptic potentials |
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Term
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Definition
| 4 graded potentials, more than 4 reach the threshold of excitation, depolarization (pos) action potential hyper polarization (neg) depolarization to resting potential |
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Term
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Definition
| getting closer to 0 of the membrane potential of a cell |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in resting potential |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of molecules from regions of high concentration to low concentration |
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Term
| force of electrostatic pressure |
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Definition
| the attractive force between atomic particles charged with opposite signs or the repulsive force between atomic particles charged with the same sign |
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Term
| Ions in the extra and intra cellular fluid |
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Definition
Anions (A-) found only in intracellular fluid
K+ balance
Cl- balance
Na extracellular |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane is impermeable to it |
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Term
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Definition
| concentrated within the cell so diffusion pushes out but outside is more positive so pressure pushes in (balance) |
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Term
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Definition
| force of diffusion pushes ion inward because it is in greatest concentration outside the ion but inside is negative charged so pressure pushes it out (balance) |
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Term
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Definition
| in greatest concentration outside cell so is pushed in and is attracted to the inside of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| protein that extrudes sodium ions from and transports potassium ions into the cell, important to keeping the membrane how it should be |
|
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Term
| what causes the action potential (what is happening in the cell) |
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Definition
| A brief increase in the permeability of the membrane to Na allows it to rush in followed by increase of permeability of the membrane to K (allowing it to rush out) |
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Term
| what causes the action potential (what is happening in the cell) |
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Definition
| A brief increase in the permeability of the membrane to Na allows it to rush in followed by increase of permeability of the membrane to K (allowing it to rush out) |
|
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Term
| what causes the action potential (what is happening in the cell) |
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Definition
| A brief increase in the permeability of the membrane to Na allows it to rush in followed by increase of permeability of the membrane to K (allowing it to rush out) |
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Term
| what allows the action potential to happen |
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Definition
| As it gets more positive: Na channels open (Na enters) voltage dependent ion channels-->K channels open (K leaves) voltage dependent sodium channels-->at peak channels become blocked, no more sodium enters-->K continues to leave the cell causing the membrane to be closer to its membrane potential-->reset (K channels close, Na channels reset-->membrane overshoots resting value as potassium channels finally close-->sodium potassium transporter remove Na and retrieve K |
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Term
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Definition
Action potentials have a uniform pattern of membrane potential change that occurs if the threshold of excitation is exceeded.
They are always the same size and they either happen (all) or they don’t (none) |
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Term
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Definition
| Graded potentials vary in size and the distance they will impact the membrane (decremental conduction). |
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Term
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Definition
| the principle that variations in the intensity of a stimulus or other information being transmitted in an axon are repented by variations in the rate at which the axon fires |
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Term
| action potential is regenerated at |
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Definition
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Term
| degraded potentials travel at |
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Definition
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Term
| degraded potentials travel at |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| myelination is a faster process so it's sharp pain |
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Term
|
Definition
Action potentials initiate synaptic transmission when they reach the axon terminal
Neurotransmitters are released by exocytosis
Receptor activation occurs in the neighboring membrane
Ionotropic: IPSPs and EPSPs are graded potentials
Metabotropic: second messengers produce range of effects
Reuptake or enzymatic deactivation clears the synapse |
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Term
|
Definition
| Action potentials initiate synaptic transmission when they reach the axon terminal Neurotransmitters are released by exocytosis Receptor activation occurs in the neighboring membrane Ionotropic: IPSPs and EPSPs are graded potentials Metabotropic: second messengers produce range of effects Reuptake or enzymatic deactivation clears the synapse |
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Term
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Definition
| Axodendritic synapses can occur on the smooth surface of a dendrite or on dendritic spines; axiomatic synapses occur on somatic membrane; axoaxonic synapses consist of synapses between two terminal buttons |
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Term
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Definition
| The presynaptic membrane located at the end of the terminal button, faces the post synaptic membrane. These two membranes face each other across the synaptic cleft. Synaptic vesicles house the neurotransmitter. Post synaptic density contains receptors |
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Term
| Release of Neurotransmitter |
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Definition
| An action potential opens calcium channels, which enter and bind with the protein embedded in the membrane of synaptic vesicles docked at the release zone. The fusion pores open, and the neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft. EXOCYTOSIS |
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Term
| How do molecules of the neurotransmitter produce a depolarization or hypperpolarization? |
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Definition
| attach to post synaptic receptors which open neurotransmitter dependent ion channels |
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Term
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Definition
| receptor that contains a binding site for a neurotransmitter and an ion channel that opens when a molecule of the neurotransmitter attaches to the binding site |
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Term
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Definition
| a receptor that contains a binding site for a neurotransmitter; activates an enzyme that begins a series of events that opens an ion channel elsewhere in the membrane of the cell when a molecule of the neurotransmitter attaches to the binding site |
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Term
|
Definition
protein that works with the metabotropic receptor that conveys messages to other molecules
When neurotransmitter binds to that receptor G protein gets kicked off and
Alpha sub unit goes ot neighboring sub channel and causes it to open OR causes second messenger
How:
G protein receptor after binidng and changing shape alpha sub unit then interacts with enzyme closely associated with membrane, product equals receptor can open channel, |
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Term
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Definition
| An excitatory depolarization of the post synaptic membrane of a synapse caused by the liberation of a neurotransmitter by the terminal button (SODIUM CHANNELS ARE OPENED) |
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Term
|
Definition
| An inhibitory hypoerpolarization of the post synaptic membrane of a synapse caused by the liberation of a neurotransmitter by the terminal button (POTASSIUM CHANNELS ARE OPENED) |
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Term
|
Definition
| An inhibitory hypoerpolarization of the post synaptic membrane of a synapse caused by the liberation of a neurotransmitter by the terminal button |
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Term
|
Definition
| Reuptake: the reentry of a neurotransmitter just liberated by a terminal button back through its membrane, thus terminating the post synaptic potential |
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Term
| Termination of postsynaptic potentials |
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Definition
Reuptake: the reentry of a neurotransmitter just liberated by a terminal button back through its membrane, thus terminating the post synaptic potential
Enzymatic degradation: the destruction of a neurotransmitter by an enzyme after its release |
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Term
| Example of reuptake and enzymatic deactivation |
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Definition
SSRI: modify concentration of serotonin in synapse, reuptake gets blocked within a few hours but it takes a few weeks before symptom is affected
Tricylic: act on norepeniphrine, dopamine, serotonin
Alzheimers: blocks degradation of acetocoline, increase levels of acetocoline to improve memory, but eventually when the acetocoline dies off there isn’t anything to increase |
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Term
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Definition
| If several excitatory synapses are active at the same time the EPSPs they produce summate as they travel toward the axon, and the axon fires, if several inhibitory synapses are active at the same time the IPSPs they produce diminish the size of the EPSPs and prevent the axon from firing |
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Term
| Cellular structure difference |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
More integration, detailed processing in CNS
Conveys or gathers info in PNS
Brain is protected by skull, spinal cord encased in bone, minegies are tough coverings CNS IS PROTECTED
Tract v nerve (CNS v PNS)
Myelinated by different cells
Nerve disconnected in PNS may reconnect, brain will likely not reconnect/regenerate
Blood brain barrier is another form of protection for CNS, tight junctions that do not allow things to go in and out |
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Term
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Definition
| brain spinal cord cerebrum cerebellum brainstem |
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Term
|
Definition
somatic: motor and sensory
autonomic: sympathetic and parasympathetic |
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Term
|
Definition
More integration, detailed processing in CNS
Conveys or gathers info in PNS
Brain is protected by skull, spinal cord encased in bone, minegies are tough coverings CNS IS PROTECTED
Tract v nerve (CNS v PNS)
Myelinated by different cells-Oligodendrodcites CNS PNS schwann
Nerve disconnected in PNS may reconnect, brain will likely not reconnect/regenerate
Blood brain barrier is another form of protection for CNS, tight junctions that do not allow things to go in and out |
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Term
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Definition
| The three layers of tissue that encase the CNS, the dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia meter |
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Term
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Definition
| This cross section through the cerebral cortex shows it early in its development. The radially oriented fibers of glial cells help to guide the migration of newly formed neurons from the ventricular zone to their final resting place in the cerebral cortex. Each successive wave of neurons passes neurons that migrated earlier, so the most recently formed neurons occupy layers closer to the cortical surface.Neurons form in the ventricular zone from progenitor cells during asymmetrical division. 6 layers are guided by genetic mechanism and mistake can cause disorder |
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Term
| Brain development and degradation |
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Definition
| Amygdala Frontal cortex Hippocampus |
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Term
|
Definition
| Telencephalon: Cortex Diencephalon: Thalamus and hypothalamus Cortex has convoluded structure, allows us to have a large amount of cells but packed in efficiently White matter: fibers that convey information Gray matter: layers of cells |
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Term
| Localized Functions of the Cortex |
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Definition
Primary motor cortex and primary somatosensory cortex; Differences in extent to which these areas are connected to other areas, but location is the same
Top to bottom: Feet trunk hands finger face lips |
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Term
| Four lobes of cerebral cortex |
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Definition
Frontal
Occipital (Visual)
Temporal
Parietal |
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Term
| Left and right hem function |
|
Definition
Left: language
Right: spatial
Usually not exactly one side or the other |
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Term
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Definition
| Each primary sensory area of the cerebral cortex sends information to adjacent regions, called the sensory association cortex. Circuits of neurons in the sensory association cortex analyze the information received from the primary sensory cortex; perception takes places there and memories are stored there |
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Term
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Definition
| Region most directly involved in control of movement, neurons in different parts of the primary motor cortex are connected to muscles in different parts of the body (contralateral). |
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Term
| Sensory association cortex; Motor association cortex |
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Definition
sen: receive info from primary sensory cortex
mot: controls primary motor cortex, directly controls behavior |
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Term
limbic system: Function
Connections? |
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Definition
set of structures involved in learning, memory, and emotion.
connected to hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| connects brain areas (hippocampus) and maxillary bodies (hypothalamus) |
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Term
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Definition
| specifically linked to memory (HM) |
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Term
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Definition
| specifically linked to emotion and threat response (HM) |
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Term
Major structures of the basal ganglia motor system include:
Function |
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Definition
set of structures involved in processing information for motor movement.
Helps modulate ongoing behavior: decides when to keep going and when to stop based on rewards system
Also related to compulsive behavior
Caudate Nucleus
Putamen
Globus Pallidus |
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Term
|
Definition
Thalamus – set of nuclei (groups of neural cells) that project and receive information from the cerebral cortex.
Gets as much info back from thalamus as it receives
Visual info and auditory info
Relay sensory info processes and sends to cortex but is also influenced by the cortex |
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Term
|
Definition
Hypothalamus – set of nuclei involved in regulating the autonomic nervous system, controlling the pituitary gland, and integrating species-typical behaviors.
Hypothalamus: have a lot of influence over basic physiological processing
Stress hormones
Monitor fluidity of blood-getting thirsty
Controls pituitary gland |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 glands fused together respond to signals from the hypothalamus Anterior: an endocrine gland who secretions are controlled by the hypothalamic hormones Posterior: an endocrine gland that contains hormone secreting terminal buttons of axons whose cell bodies lie within the thalamus cells in hypothalamus release hormone to capillary system (portal system) only carries info to a very short distance to aneterior pituatry receptors which can release to general circulation e.g., oxytocin |
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Term
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Definition
| receives sensory info and projects axons to cerebral cortex, thalamus, and spinal cord, sleep arousal attention, movement, vital reflexes |
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Term
| Periaqueductal gray matter |
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Definition
| species typical behaviors (mating fighting) FIGHT OR FLIGHT SIGNAL |
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Term
| Red nucleus substantia nigra |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Cerebellum and brain stem (hindbrain) |
|
Definition
control basic physiological
pons: reticular formation sleep and arousal, relays info between cerebral cortex and cerebellum
medulla: reticular formation, regulation of cardiovascular, respiration, skeletal |
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Term
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Definition
Be prepared for what the person is intended to do, cerebellum says when you threw that frisbee that’s not really what you meant to do, and it adjusts for the future
Important for balance
10% brain volume half its neurons
cerebellum: coordinated movements, receives visual auditory somatosensory muscle movements |
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Term
|
Definition
Dorsal distinct organization
Nerves carry motor (ventrical)
Carry sensory info (dorsal)
Dorsal root ganglion, pseudounipolar sensory neurons cell bodies in
Information from lower part of body at lumbar but is conveyed up the spinal cord |
|
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Term
| The Peripheral Nervous System |
|
Definition
Somatic Nervous System
Portion of the PNS comprised of the spinal nerves and cranial nerves involved in transmitting sensory information and controlling voluntary movement.
Spinal Nerves
Peripheral nerves attached to the spinal cord.
Cranial Nerves
Set of 12 motor and/or sensory nerves attached to the ventral surface of the brain. |
|
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Term
| Explain dermatomes (slide 21) |
|
Definition
| Specific neural path to spinal cord |
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Term
| The Autonomic Nervous System |
|
Definition
Branch of the PNS comprised of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
Sympathetic Division of the ANS
Nervous system components involved in arousal and preparing the body for the expenditure of energy.
Parasympathetic Division of the ANS
Nervous system components involved in relaxing the body, often competing with those of the sympathetic division. |
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Term
|
Definition
| somatosensory and motor cortex, in those cortical areas there are specfic areas that serve specific parts of the body, organized to reflect what is happening in the body, another example visual system(in additional to localized info processed in that area are organized to reflect the body) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Broca’s area specific areas are localized for processing certain types of info, only visual info is processed at visual cortex |
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Term
|
Definition
| Visual system, info processed at the retina, there are layers of cells that are processing the information that’s getting different info from the retina |
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Term
|
Definition
| CNS structures in cortex allow for integrative info and informed action |
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Term
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Definition
| :info from left processed in the right hemisphere, cross |
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Term
| Pharmacokinetic difference |
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Definition
| Morphine v. Heroin Minor change to morphine makes heroin more likely to cross cell membranes once it gets to the circulation Heroin is converted to morphine once it leaves the circulation |
|
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Term
| Pharmacodynamic difference |
|
Definition
Morphine v. Naloxone
Minor change to morphine makes naloxone incapable of activating opioid receptor
Naloxone is an important clinical tool that allows reversal of opioid toxicity |
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Term
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Definition
Inhalation is quick because the lungs go to heart and then the brain
Taking a drug by mouth goes to stomach small intensine, process takes a while, much slower impact takes time to absorb, also has to get filtered through liver
When something doesn’t get to brain because it has to go through the liver first, first pass metabolism
In the skin depends on how quick the skin absorbs
Nicotine-much slower process, helps with withdrawl but the effect is not as quick so they can disconnect their behavior from nicotine
Pipe and cigar-absorbed through mucus membranes of nose and throat, slower effect
Oxycotin, has coating so that it’s absorbed slowly |
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Term
|
Definition
Inhalation is quick because the lungs go to heart and then the brain
Taking a drug by mouth goes to stomach small intensine, process takes a while, much slower impact takes time to absorb, also has to get filtered through liver
When something doesn’t get to brain because it has to go through the liver first, first pass metabolism
In the skin depends on how quick the skin absorbs
Nicotine-much slower process, helps with withdrawl but the effect is not as quick so they can disconnect their behavior from nicotine
Pipe and cigar-absorbed through mucus membranes of nose and throat, slower effect
Oxycotin, has coating so that it’s absorbed slowly |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Inhalation is quick because the lungs go to heart and then the brain
Taking a drug by mouth goes to stomach small intensine, process takes a while, much slower impact takes time to absorb, also has to get filtered through liver
When something doesn’t get to brain because it has to go through the liver first, first pass metabolism
In the skin depends on how quick the skin absorbs
Nicotine-much slower process, helps with withdrawl but the effect is not as quick so they can disconnect their behavior from nicotine
Pipe and cigar-absorbed through mucus membranes of nose and throat, slower effect
Oxycotin, has coating so that it’s absorbed slowly |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| it goes through multiple metabolic effects |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Metabolism depends on enzymes in the liver, differ in how many and how many active |
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Term
| Biotransformation of alcohol-check info? |
|
Definition
Acetaldehyde determines how quickly the effects get cleared
Homozygous for active form or high tolerance-more likely to drink more because do not experience negative effects as quickly then heterozygous then homozygous for inactive
People differ genetically in their enzymes (e.g., Acetaldyhyde) |
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Term
|
Definition
Agonist-facilitates drug at neurontransmitter
Antagonist-inhibits drug at neurotransmitter |
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Term
|
Definition
Agonist-facilitates drug at neurontransmitter
Antagonist-inhibits drug at neurotransmitter |
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Term
|
Definition
| Involved in memory, sleep, motor system |
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|
Term
| Biosynthesis and inactivation of Acetycholine (with relation to AD) |
|
Definition
At the synapse where acetocoline is being released there are enzymes that are going to degrade it
Acetocoline is made up of acetyl and choline, there’s an enzymes responsible for making that happen, happening inside the cell
Once it’s released there’s another enzyme that is very active (ChAT) coline molecule gets taken back up into the synapse and presynaptic membrane and gets recycled
Two systems
Degradation-prevents long lasting
Reuptake-can continue to use it
Uses both symptoms
Prevent AChE from breaking down acetocholine so that it would have a longer effect
Above drugs can prolong the time that they have memory, but when there’s no AChE left it doesn’t work anymore-has effect only very early on |
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Term
|
Definition
Ionotropic-immediate effects
Metabotropic-enzyme receptors |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Antipsychotics: D2 antagonists
Cocaine: blocks reuptake
Amphetamine: promotes release
L-dopa: enhances production of DA |
|
|
Term
| Pharmacokinetic factors that determine bioavailability of drugs |
|
Definition
| Represents blood vessle-simultaneous infleunces: get in and absorbed (easily not easily), gets into blood stream, can go to multiple places at the same time, some of it will go where we want, neuron, might get stuck in bone or fat or stuck in proteins, or find its way to the liver and it will get metabolized, then get back into circulation, might get filtered out by respiration kidneys, some metabolites are active and have another chance to get to target |
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Term
|
Definition
| Metabolies that are active means they can go back into bloodstream and have effect on target site |
|
|
Term
| If a drug goes through multiple phases it is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acetaldehyde individual differences |
|
Definition
Acticity of Ac enzyme is geneteic dif
Active form quickly and easily process toxic impacts of Ach
Less active form of enzymes cannot flush toxic effects easily |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| motor function and rewards system |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Phenelzine inhibits MAO
Amphetamine promotes release
Cocaine blocks reuptake
Yohimbine blocks a2 receptors
Imipramine blocks reuptake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Norepinephrine attention mood regulation, early antidepressant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Substantia nigra and ventral tegemental area |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Serotoinin receptors, function, origin |
|
Definition
5Ht1-7
Ralphe nuclei
, impact sleep temp reg appetite, serotonin system widely distributed |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Buspirone partial 1A agonist
Fluoxetine blocks reuptake
Clomipramine blocks reuptake
MDMA promotes release |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Glutamate (excite) acting the channel opens positive ionsexcitatory effect
GABA (inhib) allows chloride ions to enter negative influence inside cellinhibit
Balance between glutamte and GABA |
|
|
Term
| What can block the channel |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What can allow the channel to be open longer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can increase the number of times a channel opens |
|
Definition
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Term
| Drug effects on synaptic transmission PRACTICE |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Receptors are proteins that are embedded in the cell, protein has 5 subunits which are made up of coil like structures that span the membrane, sequence of amino acids that allow them to look this way and
Slight change in protein shape allows it open
Need very specific sequence to allow this to happen
Amino acid sequences are all the same and serve purpose of keeping it stable
Want receptors that only respond to certain things the subunits are unique
Receptor proteins differ in the amino acid sequences of the intracellular loops and extracellular binding sites
Each subunit has membrane-spanning sequences that anchor it in the membrane |
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Term
| Ionotropic vs Metabotropic receptors |
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Definition
Ionotropic: forms an ion channel and has immediate effects
Metabotropic: membrane spanning protein that has delayed and long-lasting effects |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurotransmitter-->receptor-->g protein-->effector enzyme-->second messenger-->protein kinase-->substrate protein-->cellular effects |
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Term
| Explain why after a certain point increase the dosage has no effect |
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Definition
| No more receptors to respond to |
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Term
| elevation in pain threshold depends on |
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Definition
| degree to which they bind to the receptor |
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Term
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Definition
| space between analgesic effect and depressive respiration effect, with experience these curves can overlap |
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