Term
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Definition
| Drugs that influence subjective experience and behavior by acting on the nervous system. |
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Definition
| The conversion of active drugs to nonactive forms. |
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Definition
| When exposure of one drug can produce tolerance to other drugs that act by the same mechanism. |
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Definition
| Increases in sensitivity to a drug. |
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Definition
| Drug tolerance that results from changes that reduce the amount of the drug getting to its sites of action. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drug tolerance that results from changes that reduce the reactivity of the sites of action to the drug. |
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Term
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Definition
| Individuals who suffer withdrawel reactions when they stop taking a drug. |
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Definition
| Habitual drug users who continue to use a drug despite its adverse effects on their health and social life and despite their repeated efforts to stop using it. |
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Definition
| Cause of any compulsive drug taking that occurs in the absence of physical dependence. |
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Term
| contingent drug tolerance |
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Definition
| Refers to demonstrations that tolerance develops only to drug effects that are actually experienced. |
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Term
| conditioned drug tolerance |
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Definition
| Refers to demonstrations that tolerance effects are maximally expressed only when a drug is administered in the same situation in which it has previously been administered. |
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Term
| conditioned compensatory responses |
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Definition
Physiological responses opposite to the effects of a drug that are thought to be elicited by stimuli that are regularly associated with experiencing the drug effects.
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Term
| conditioned withdrawel effects |
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Definition
| Withdrawel effects that are elicited by the drug environment or by other drug-associated cues. |
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Term
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Definition
| Syndrome characterized by chest pain, labored breathing, wheezing, coughing, and a heightened susceptibility to infection of the respiratory tract. |
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Term
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Definition
| Condition in which the blood vessels, especially those supplying the legs, are constricted whenever nicotine enters the bloodstream. |
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Definition
| Drug that depresses neural firing. |
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Definition
| The third phase of alcohol withdrawal syndrome that is characterized by disturbing hallucinations, bizarre delusions, agitation, confusion, hyperthermia, and rapid heartbeat. |
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Term
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Definition
| When chronic alcohol consumption causes extensive scarring of the liver. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs whose primary effect is to produce general increases in neural and behavioral activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Impure form of cocaine that is potent, cheap, and smokable. |
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Term
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Definition
| Binges in which extremely high levels of intake are maintained for periods of a day or two. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sap that exudes from the seeds of the opium poppy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Act passed in 1914 that made it illegal to sell or use opium, morphine or cocaine in the United States. |
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Definition
| Semisynthetic opiate that was widely used after the Harrison Narcotics Act. |
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Term
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Definition
Addicts who have no drugs in their bodies and who are no longer experiencing withdrawal symptoms.
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Term
| positive-incentive theories of addiction |
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Definition
| Theories that say the primary factor in most cases of addiction is the craving for the positive-incentive. |
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Term
| incentive-sensitization theory |
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Definition
| Theory that arues that it isn't the pleasure of drug taking per se that is the basis of addiction; it is the anticipated pleasure of drug taking. |
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Term
| intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) |
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Definition
| When a species will administer brief bursts of weak electrical stimulation to specific sites in their own brains. |
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Term
| mesotelecephalic dopamine system |
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Definition
| A system of dopaminergic neurons that project from the mesencephalon into various regions of the telencephalon. |
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Term
| drug self-administration paradigm |
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Definition
| When laboratory rats or primates press a lever to inject drugs into themselves through implanted cannulas. |
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Term
| conditioned place-preference paradigm |
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Definition
| Paradigm where rats repeatedly receive a drug in one compartment of a two-compartment box. |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecules in the presynaptic membrane of dopaminergic neurons that attract dopamine molecules in the synaptic cleft and deposit them back inside the neuron. |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the brain that connects the two cerebral hemispheres. |
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Term
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Definition
| Seperation of the two cerebral hemispheres. |
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Term
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Definition
| Brain damage-produced deficit in the ability to produce or comprehend language. |
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Term
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Definition
| inferior prefrontal cortex of the left hemisphere. |
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Term
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Definition
| When patients have difficulty performing movements when asked to perform them out of context, even though they can do the same movements when they're not thinking about it. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Test of language lateralization given to patients prior to surgery to see which side of the brain is dominant for language. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| largest cerebral commissure |
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Term
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Definition
| Area of blindness produced by cutting the optic chiasm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Phenomenon seen in split-brain patients when individuals are unaware of their scomatas so the brain has the capacity to fill them in. |
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Term
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Definition
| Test used to demonstrate visual completion in patients and pictures of two fused faces are shown to subjects and researchers find that they only see one complete, symetrical face. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lens developed by Zaidel and it limits visual imput to one hemisphere of split-brain patients while they scan scan complex visual material such as pages of a book. |
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Term
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Definition
| area of the temporal lobe that is located in the posterior region of the lateral fissure and it is thought to play a role in comprehension of langauge. Also called Wernicke's area. |
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Term
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Definition
| Location of the primary auditory cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lies in the front of the face area of the primary motor cortex, in the left hemisphere it is the location of the Broca's area. |
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Term
| expressive or Broca's aphasia |
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Definition
| Type of aphasia characterized by normal comprehension of both written and spoken language and by speech that retains meaningfulness despite being slow, labored, disjointed, and poorly articulated. |
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Term
| receptive, Wernicke's aphasia, or word salad |
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Definition
| Type of aphasia characterized by poor comprehension of both written and spoken language and speech that is still meaningless but still retains the superficial structure, rhythm, and intonation of normal speech. |
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Term
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Definition
Pathway connecting Broca's and Wernicke's area.
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Term
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Definition
| Type of aphasia when the arcuate fasciculus is damaged and patients still are able to comprehend langauge and speech but they have difficulty repeating words that had just been heard. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Area of the left temporal lobe and parietal cortex just posterior to Wernicke's area that has been implicated to play a role in language. |
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Term
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Definition
| Disruption of all language-related abilities that are usually associated with large left-lobe brain damage or lesions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reading procedure based on specific stored information that has been acquired about written words. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reading procedure where the reader looks at the word, recognizes the letters, sounds them out and says the word. |
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Term
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Definition
| When people have lost the ability to pronounce words based on their specific memories of the words (lost lexical procedure). |
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Term
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Definition
| When people have lost their ability to apply rules of pronunciation in their reading (lost phonetic procedure). |
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Term
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Definition
| States that emotion-inducing sensory stimuli are received and interpreted by the cortex, which triggers changes in the visceral organs via the autonomic nervous system and in the skeletal muscles via the somatic nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| States that emotional stimuli have two independent excitatory effects: They excite both the feeling of emotion in the brain and the expression of emotion in the autonomic and somatic nervous systems. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cats whose cortex has been removed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reference to the exaggerated, poorly directed aggresive responses of decorticate animals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Collection of nuclei and tracts that borders the thalamus. |
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Term
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Definition
| When the anterior temporal lobes are removed and this syndrome includes the following behaviors: consumption of almost anything that is edible, increased sexual activity often directed at inapproprate objects, a tendency to investigate objects with the mouth and a lack of fear. |
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Term
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Definition
| Method of interrogation that employs autonomic nervous system indexes of emotion to infer the truthfulness of the subject's responses. |
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Term
| control-question technique |
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Definition
| Interrogation method where the physiological response to the target question is compared with the physiological responses to the control questions whose answers are known. |
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Term
| guilty-knowledge technique |
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Definition
| When a polygrapher assesses the suspects reaction to a list of actual and contrived details of the crime. Innocent people will react to all of the details in the same way because they have no knowledge of the crime whereas the guilty react differently. |
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Term
| facial feedback hypothesis |
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Definition
| Hypothesis that our facial expressions influence our emotional experience. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that the aggressive and defensive behaviors of an animal are often designed to attack specific sites on the body of another animal while protecting specific sites on its own. |
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Term
| adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
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Definition
| Hormone released from the anterior pituitary by stressors acting on neural circuits. |
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Term
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Definition
| ACTH triggers the release of these from the adrenal cortex and the glucocorticoids produce many of the effects of stress response. |
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Term
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Definition
| When conspecific (members of the same species) threat becomes an enduring feature of daily life. |
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Term
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Definition
| Painful lesions to the lining of the stomach and duodenum due to stress, which in extreme cases can be life-threatening. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of interactions among psychological factors, the nervous system and the immune system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein molecules on the surface of a cell that identify it as a native or foreign molecule that plays a role in specific immune reactions. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which foreign microorganisms and debris are consumed and destroyed by phagocytes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialized white blood cells that are produced in bone marrow and are stored in the lymphatic system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of large phagocyte that ingests microorganisms in cell-mediated immune reactions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lethal receptor molecules that are released into the intracellular fluid, where they bind to the foreign antigens and destroy or deactivate the microorganisms that possess them (during antibody-mediated immunity). |
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Term
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Definition
| Establishment of fear in response to a previously neutral stimulus. |
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Term
| contextual fear conditioning |
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Definition
| The process by which benign contexts come to elicit fear through their association with fear-inducing stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| A genetic disorder that often results in calcification (hardening by calcium carbonate) of the amygdala and surrounding anterior medial temporal-lobe structures in both hemispheres. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A disorder of psychological function sufficiently severe to require treatment by a psychiatrist or clinical psychologist. |
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Term
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Definition
| First antischizophrenic drug discovered in the early 1950's. |
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Term
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Definition
| Another type of schizophrenic drug that is the active ingredient in snakeroot plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of antischizophrenic drug that had high potency, but relatively low affinity for dopamine receptors. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The most effective atypical neuroleptic for the treatment of schizophrenia. |
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Term
| positive schizophrenic symptoms |
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Definition
incoherence hallucinations, and delusions
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Term
| negative schizophrenic symptoms |
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Definition
| lack of affect, cognitive deficits, and poverty of speech. |
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Term
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Definition
| psychotic disorder of emotion |
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Term
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Definition
| Affective disorder that is the opposite of depression. |
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Term
| bipolar affective disorder |
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Definition
| Depressive patients who also experience periods of mania. |
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Term
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Definition
| Depression caused by a negative experience like death, loss of job, or loss of a friend. |
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Term
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Definition
| Depression with no apparent cause. |
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Term
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Definition
| First antidepressant drug that was originally developed for the treatment of tuberculosis, which was a flop. |
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Term
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Definition
| The enzyme that breaks down monoamine neurotransmitters in the cytoplasm of the neuron. |
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Term
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Definition
| When MAO inhibitors, like Iproniazid, have a side effect where foods such as cheese, wine and pickles contain an amine called tyramine that is a potent elevator of blood pressure. MAO inhibitors slow the metabolism of tyramine so blood pressure can easily rise from these foods. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tricyclic antidepressant that was first thought to be an antischizophrenic drug. |
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Term
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Definition
| A drug that blocks the rapid transition between depression and mania rather than treating depression. |
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Term
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Definition
| Antidepressant that was the first SSRI drug that inhibits the reuptake of serotonin from synapses. |
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Term
| monoamine theory of depression |
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Definition
| Most widely accepted theory of depression that depression is associated with underactivity at serotonergic and noradreneric synapes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process of compensatory proliferation of receptors. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The inability to experience pleasure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chronic fear that persists in the absence of any direct threat. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anxiety that becomes so severe that it disrupts normal functioning. |
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Term
| generalized anxiety disorders |
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Definition
| Characterized by stress responses and extreme feelings of anxiety that occur in the absence of any obvious precipitating stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| similar to generalized anxity disorders except that they are triggered by exposure to particular objects. |
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Term
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Definition
| Characterized by rapid-onset attacks of extreme fear and severe symptoms of stress. |
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Term
| obsessive-compulsive disorders |
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Definition
| Characterized by frequently recurring, uncontrollable, anxiety-producing thoughts and impulses. |
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Term
| posttraumatic stress disorder |
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Definition
| A persistant pattern of psychological distress following exposure to extreme stress. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fear of public places and open spaces. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs such as Librium or Valium that are widely prescribed treatments for anxiety disorders, hypnotics, anticonvulsants, and muscle relaxants. |
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Term
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Definition
| Serotonin agonists that is used for treatment of anxiety disorders. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disorder of involuntary, repetitive, sereotyped movements or vocalizations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Studies that are conducted on human subjects to assess the therapeutic efficacy of an untested drug or other treatment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Control drugs that have no therapeutic effect but produce side effects similar to those produced by the drug under evaluation. |
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