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Biopsych Unit 2
vocabulary
169
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
11/03/2011

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Term
Contrast X-ray techniques
Definition
Injecting into one compartment of the body a substance that absorbs X-rays either less than or more than the surrounding tissue.
Term
cerebral angiography
Definition
Contrast X-ray technique that uses the infusion of a radio-opaque dye into a cerebral artery to visualize the cerebral circulatory system during X-ray photography.
Term
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Definition
Procedure in which high-resolution images are constructed from the measurement of waves that hydrogen atoms emit when they are activated by radio-frequency waves in a magnetic field.
Term
Spacial Resolution
Definition
Ability to detect differences in spacial location.
Term
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Definition
Brain-imaging technique that provides images of brain activity rather than brain structure.
Term
2-DG
Definition
Substance that is injected into the patient's carotid artery during a PET scan.
Term
Functional MRI (fMRI)
Definition

Produce brain images of the increase of oxygen flow in the blood to active areas of the brain.  4 advantages: nothing is injected, structural and functional information, spacial resolution is better and can produce 3D imaging.

 

Term
MEG
Definition
Technique used to monitor brain activity by measuring changes in magnetic fields on the surface of the scalp that are produced by changes in underlying patterns of neural activity.
Term
Temporal Resolution
Definition
To be able to record fast changes in neural activity.
Term
TMS
Definition
Technique for disrupting the activity in an area of the cortex by creating a magnetic field under a coil positioned next to the skull.
Term
EEG
Definition
Measure of the gross electrical activity of the brain.
Term
Alpha Waves
Definition
Regular high amplitude waves associated with relaxed wakefulness.
Term
ERPs
Definition

EEG waves that accompany certain psychological events.

 

Term

sensory evoked potential

 

Definition
The change in the cortical EEG signal that is elicited by the momentary presentation of a sensory stimulus.
Term
signal averaging
Definition
Method used to reduce the noise of the background EEG.
Term
P300 wave
Definition
Positive wave that occurs about 300 milliseconds after a momentary stimulus that has meaning for the subject.
Term
far-field potentials
Definition
Small waves that originate far away in the sensory nuclei of the brain stem.
Term
Electromyography
Definition
Procedure for measuring muscle tension.
Term
electrooculography
Definition
electrophysiological technique for recording eye movement
Term
skin conductance level (SCL)
Definition
Measure of the background level of skin conductance that is associated with a particular situation.
Term
skin conductance response (SCR)
Definition
Measure of transient changes in skin conductance that are associated with discrete experiences.
Term
Electrocardiogram (ECG) or EKG
Definition
Measure of the heart beat.
Term
hypertension
Definition
Chronic blood pressure that is 140/90 or more.
Term
Plethysmography
Definition
Various techniques for measuring changes in the volume of blood in a particular part of the body.
Term
Stereotaxic Surgery
Definition
Means by which experimental devices are precisely positioned in the depths of the brain.
Term

stereotaxic atlas

 

Definition
Used to locate brain structures in much the same way that a geographic atlas is used to locate geographic landmarks.
Term
bregma
Definition
Point at the top of the skull where two of the major sutures (seams in the skull) intersect.
Term
stereotaxic instrument
Definition
Instrument with two parts: a head holder which firmly holds each subject's brain in a prescribed position and orientation and an electrode holder that holds the device to be inserted.
Term
aspiration
Definition

When a lesion is to be made in an area of cortical tissue that is accessible to the eyes and instruments of the surgeon.

[image][image]

Term
Radio-Frequency lesions
Definition
When small small subcortical lesions are made by passing through radio-frequency current through the targe tissue from an electrode.
Term
cryogenic blockade
Definition
Alternative to destructive lesions.
Term
neurotoxins
Definition
neural poisons that have an affinity for certain components of the nervous system.
Term
autoradiography
Definition
When slices of brain are coated with photographic emulsion, stored in the dark for a few days, and then developed much like film.
Term
Cerebral Dialysis
Definition
Method of measuring the extracellular concentration of specific neurochemicals in behaving animals.
Term
Immunocytochemistry
Definition
Procedure for locating particular neuroproteins in the brain by labeling their antibodies with a dye or radioactive element and then exposing slices of brain tissue to the labeled antibodies.
Term
in situ hybridization
Definition

Method for locating peptides and other proteins by making hybrid strands of RNA, then labeling the RNA with dye, and lastly cutting open the brain to expose the slices and finding their paths.

[image][image]

Term
Gene knockout techniques
Definition
Procedures for creating organisms that lack a particular gene under investigation.
Term
Gene replacement techniques
Definition

Replacing one gene with another.

 

Term
behavioral paradigm
Definition
Single set of procedures developed for the investigation of a particular behavioral phenomenon.
Term
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
Definition
Intelligence test used by psychologists.
Term
token test
Definition
Test used to measure language-related deficits.
Term
sodium amytal test
Definition
Involves injecting the anesthetic sodium amytal into either the left or right carotid artery in the neck.  Then language tests are administed to see which side of the brain in the dominant side for language.
Term
dichotic listening test
Definition
sequences of spoken digits are presented to subjects through stereo headphones.
Term
Repetition priming tests
Definition
Used to see if there are severe deficits in explicit memory while no deficits in implicit memory.  This means that a patient will remember something, but they have no conscious memory of it.
Term
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
Definition
Test used to see if patients have fronal lobe damage.
Term
constituent cognitive processes
Definition
Premise that each complex cognitive process results from the combined activity of simple cognitive processes.
Term
paired-image subtraction technique
Definition
Key behavioral research method used in cognitive neuroscience research.
Term
open-field test
Definition
When the subject is placed in a large, barren chamber and its activity is recorded.
Term
thigmotaxic
Definition

Fearful rats that rarely venture away from the walls of the test chamber and they rarely engage in activities like rearing or grooming.

 

Term
colony-intruder paradigm
Definition
When typical patterns of aggressive and defensive  behavior can be observed and measured during combative encounters between the dominant male rate and a smaller male intruder.
Term
elevated plus maze
Definition
Four-armed, plus sign shaped maze mounted above the floor that is a test of defensiveness that is commonly used to study anxiety-reducing effects of drugs.
Term
lordosis
Definition
When a female is receptive in sexual behavior.
Term
intromission
Definition
When the male inserts his penis into the female's vagina.
Term
lordosis quotient
Definition
Measure of rat sexual behavior (proportion of mounts that elicit lordosis).
Term
conditioning paradigm
Definition
When an experimenter pairs an initially neutral stimulus with an unconditional stimulus that elicits an unconditional response.
Term
Operant conditioning paradigm
Definition
Rate at which a particular voluntary response is emitted is increased by reinforcement or decreased by punishment.
Term
conditioned taste aversion
Definition
Avoidance response that develops to tastes of food whose consumption has been followed by illness.
Term
radial arm maze
Definition

An array of arms, usually 8 or more, radiating from the central starting area.

 

Term
Morris water maze
Definition
seminatural learning paradigm that has been designed to study the spacial abilities of rats.
Term
conditioned defensive burying
Definition
When rats receive a single aversive stimulus from an object mounted on the wall of the chamber just above the floor, which is littered with bedding material.
Term
tumor
Definition
Mass of cells that grows independently of the rest of the body.
Term
meningiomas
Definition
Tumors that grow between the three meninges.
Term
capsulated tumors
Definition
Tumors that grow within their own membrane.
Term
benign tumors
Definition
tumors that are surgically removable with little risk of further growth in the body.
Term
infiltrating tumors
Definition
Tumors that grow diffusely through surrounding tissue.
Term
malignant tumors
Definition
Difficult to remove or destroy them completely and any cancerous tissue that remains after surgery continues to grow.
Term
metastatic tumors
Definition
Tumors that do not originate in the brain, and they can be carried to the brain through the bloodstream.
Term
strokes
Definition
Sudden-onset cerebrovascular disorders that cause brain damage.
Term
cerebral hemorrhage
Definition
Bleeding of the brain that occurs when cerebral blood vessels ruptures and blood seeps into the surrounding neural tissue and damages it.
Term
aneurysm
Definition
Pathological baloonlike dilation that forms in the wall of a blood vessel at a point where the elasticity of the vessel wall is defective.
Term
congenital
Definition
aneurysms present at birth.
Term
Cerebral ischemia
Definition
Disruption of the blood supply to an area of the brain.
Term
thrombosis
Definition
Type of cerebral ischemia where a plug called thrombus is formed and blocks blood flow at the site of its formation.
Term
Embolism
Definition
Type of cerebral ischemia, and like thrombosis, a plug called embolus is carried by the blood from a larger vessel, where it was formed, to a smaller one where it becomes lodged.
Term
arteriosclerosis
Definition
Type of cerebral ischemia where the walls of the blood vessels thicken and the channels narrow, usually as a result of fat deposits.  This can lead to complete blockage of the blood vessel.
Term
glutamate
Definition
Brain's most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter and it plays a role in the brain damage associated with a stroke.
Term
NMDA
Definition
Glutamate receptors that are associated with the overactive glutamate neurotransmitters.
Term
contusions
Definition
Closed-head injuries that involve damage to the cerebral circulatory system.
Term
hematoma
Definition
Localized collection of clotted blood in an organ or tissue, in other words, a bruise.
Term
contrecoup injuries
Definition

When contusions occur on the opposite side of the brain struck by the blow.

 

Term
concussion
Definition
Disturbance of consciousness following a blow to the head but there is no evidence of a contusion or other structural damage.
Term
punch-drunk syndrome
Definition
The dementia and cerebral scarring that is observed in boxers and other individuals who experience repeated concussions.
Term
encephalitis
Definition

Inflammation of the brain due to invasion of the brain by microorganisms.

 

Term
meningitis
Definition
When bacteria attacks and inflames the meninges.
Term
general paresis
Definition
Sydrome of insanity and dementia that results from a syphilitic infection.
Term
toxic psychosis
Definition
Chronic insanity produced by a neurotoxin.
Term
tardive dyskinesia (TD)
Definition
Motor disorder that has symptoms including involuntary smacking and sucking movement of the lips,thrusting and rolling of the tongue, lateral jaw movement and puffing of the cheek.
Term
Down syndrome
Definition
Genetic disorder caused by the creation of an extra chromosome 21.
Term
apoptosis
Definition
Process by which cells destroy themselves.
Term
necrosis
Definition
Passive cell death resulting from injury.
Term
epilepsy
Definition
Brain disease that gives you epileptic seizures and these are caused by ones own chronic brain dysfunction.
Term
epileptic auras
Definition
When epileptics experience peculiar psychological changes before a convulsion.
Term
partial seizure
Definition
Seizure that does not involve the entire brain.
Term
simple partial seizures
Definition
Partial seizures whose symptoms are primarily sensory or motor or both.
Term
complex partial seizures
Definition
Seizures that are often restricted to the temporal lobes.
Term

generalized seizures

[image][image]Wikipedia: A trademark used for a movie rating indicating that admission will be granted to persons of all ages.

Definition
Involves the entire brain.
Term
grand mal seizure
Definition
Type of generalized seizure that can include loss of consciousness, loss of equilibrium, and a violent tonic-clonic convulsion.
Term
hypoxia
Definition

Shortage of oxygen supply to tissue that can accompany a grand mal seizure.

 

Term
petit mal seizure
Definition

Type of generalized seizure associated with petit mal absence-a disruption of consciousness that is associated with a cessation of ongoing behavior.  These are commonly found in children and people mistake it for kids just daydreaming.

 

Term
Parkinson's disease
Definition
Movement disorder of middle and old age that affects .5% of the population.
Term
substantia nigra
Definition
midbrain of nucleas and this part of the brain is degenerated during parkinson's disease.
Term

Huntington's disease

[image][image]Wikipedia: also d The symbol for the Roman numeral 500.

Definition
Progressive motor disorder of middle and old age but it is even more rare than parkinson's, it has a strong genetic basis, and it includes severe dementia.  There is no cure and you will die from it.
Term
ataxia
Definition
Loss of motor coordination.
Term
Alzheimer's disease
Definition
Most common cause of dementia and occurs in the older population.
Term
kindling phenomenon
Definition
Progressive development and intensification of convulsions elicited by a series of periodic brain stimulation.
Term
epileptogenesis
Definition
The development of epilepsy.
Term

anterograde degeneration

 

Definition
The degeneration of the distal segment, which is the segment of the cut axon between the cut and the synaptic terminals.
Term
retrograde degeneration
Definition
degeneration of the proximal segment, which is the segment of a cut axon between the cut and the cell body.
Term
collateral sprouting
Definition
When an axon degenerates, axon branches grow out from adjacent healthy axons and synapse at the sites vacated by the degenerated axons.
Term
phantom limb
Definition
When amputees continue to experience limbs that have been amputated.
Term
bilateral medial temporal lobectomy
Definition
The removal of the medial portions of both temporal lobes, including most of the hippocampus, amygdala, and adjacent cortex.
Term
lobectomy vs. lobotomy
Definition

lobectomy- lobe or major part of lobe is removed from the brain.

Lobotomy- lobe, or major part of one is seperated but not removed from the body.

Term
global amnesia
Definition
amnesia for information presented in all sensory modalities.
Term
incomplete-picture test
Definition
a nonsensorimotor test of memory that employs five sets of fragmented drawings.
Term
memory consolidation
Definition
Transfer of short-term memories to long-term storage.
Term
explicit memories
Definition
Conscious memories
Term
implicit memories
Definition
Memories that are expressed by improved test performance without conscious awareness.
Term
repitition priming tests
Definition
Tests developed to assess implicit memory.
Term
Semantic memories
Definition

Explicit memories for general facts or information.

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Term
episodic memories
Definition
Explicit memories for a particular events or experiences of one's life.
Term

Korsakoff's Syndrome

 

Definition
Disorder of memory that is common in people who have consumed large amounts of alcohol.
Term
posttraumatic amnesia (PTA)
Definition
Amnesia following a nonpenetrating blow to the head.
Term
electroconvulsive shock
Definition
An intense, brief, diffuse, seizure-inducing current that is administered to the brain through large electrodes attached to the scalp.
Term
engram
Definition
A change in the brain that stores a memory.
Term
delayed nonmatching-to-sample test
Definition
Test that was given to monkeys with bilateral medial temporal lobectomies.  Monkeys are presented with a distinctive object, under which it finds food.  Then, after a delay, the monkey is presented with 2 tests objects: familiar one and unfamiliar one.  Monkey must remember to grab food out of unfamiliar one.
Term
reference memory
Definition
Memory for the general principles and skills that are required to perform a task.
Term
working memory
Definition
Temporary memory that is necessary for the sucessful performance of a task on which one is currently working.
Term
place cells
Definition
Neurons that respond only when a subject is in specific locations.
Term

cognitive map theory

 

Definition
Theory that there are several systems in the brain that specialize in the memory of different kinds of information, and the specific function of the hippocampus is the storage of memories for spatial location.
Term
inferotemporal cortex
Definition
The cortex of the inferior temporal lobe.
Term
cerebellum
Definition
Thought to store memories of learned sensorimoter skills.
Term
striatum
Definition
Thought to store memories for consistent relationships between stimuli and responses-the type of memories that develop incrementally over many trials.
Term

long-term potential (LTP)

Wikipedia: also l The symbol for the Roman numeral 50.

Definition
Facilitation of synaptic transmission following high-frequency electrical stimulation applied to presynaptic neurons.
Term
NMDA receptor
Definition
Receptor for glutamate, the main excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain.
Term
nitric oxide
Definition
Soluble-gas neurotransmitter that is synthesized in the postsynaptic neurons in response to calcium influx and then diffuses back into the terminal buttons of the presynaptic neurons.
Term
EEG, EOG and EMG
Definition
3 standard psychophysiological bases for defining stages of sleep.
Term
alpha waves
Definition
waxing and waning bursts of 8 to 12 Hz EEG waves that occur right when you go to sleep.
Term
delta waves
Definition
Largest and slowest EEG waves that occur in stage 3 of sleep.
Term
emergent stage 1 EEG
Definition
When you go through stages 1 through 4 and then go back through them again.  Then you emerge to stage 1 that is associated with REM sleep.
Term
slow-wave sleep
Definition
Refers to stages 3 and 4 which are associated with slow delta waves.
Term
REM sleep
Definition
Sleep associated with emergent stage 1 EEG and it is named after rapid eye movements.
Term
somnambulism
Definition
sleepwalking
Term
activation-synthesis theory
Definition
Theory that the information supplied to the cortex during REM sleep is largely random and the resulting dream is the cortex's effort to make sense of these random signals.
Term
recuperation theories of sleep
Definition
Being awake disrupts the homeostasis of the body in some way and sleep is required to restore it.
Term
circadian theories of sleep
Definition
Theory that sleep is not a reaction to the disruptive effects of being awake but the result of an internal timing mechanism.
Term
zeitgebers
Definition
Environmental cues, such as the light-dark cycle, that can control the timing of circadian rythems.
Term
free-running rhythms
Definition
Circadian rhythms in constant environments.
Term
internal desynchronization
Definition
When subjects are housed in constant laboratory environments, their sleep-wake and body temperature cycles sometimes break away from one another.
Term
jet lag
Definition
When zeitgebers that control the phases of various circadian rhythms are accelerated during east-bound flights or decelerated during west-bound flights.
Term
microsleeps
Definition
Brief periods of sleep, typically 2 to 3 seconds long, during which the eyelids droop and the subject becomes less responsive to external stimuli, even though they remain sitting or standing.
Term
carousel apparatus
Definition
Used to deprive rats of sleep in experiments.
Term
tricyclic antidepressant drugs
Definition
Drugs that selectively block REM sleep, and when taken, prevents people from having REM sleep.
Term
cerveau isolé preparation
Definition
When you sever the brain stem between the inferior colliculi and the superior colliculi in order to disconnect the forebrains from ascending sensory inputs.
Term
encéphale isolé preparation
Definition
When researchers would disconnect the brain stem from the rest of the nervous system in cats.
Term
reticular activating system
Definition
Refers to the reticular formation and low levels of activity in the reticular formation produce sleep and high levels of activity produce wakefulness.
Term
circadian clock
Definition
Internal timing mechanism.
Term
suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)
Definition
part of the medial hypothalamus that was shown to disrupt various circadian cycles including sleep-wake cycles when lesions were made.
Term
melatonin
Definition
Sleep-inlfluencing drug that disrupts circadian rhythmicity.
Term
pineal gland
Definition
Gland that synthesises melatonin.
Term
iatrogenic
Definition
Physician-created insomnia due to inappropriate prescription of drugs.
Term
sleep apnea
Definition
Type of insomnia where someone will stop breathing several times each night.
Term
nocturnal myoclonus
Definition
Periodic twitching of the body, usually the legs, during sleep.  Type of insomnia.
Term
restless legs
Definition
When people twitch their legs at night and they are aware of it, unlike nocturnal myoclonus.
Term
cataplexy
Definition
symptom of narcolepsy that is characterized by recurring loss of muscle tone during wakefulness, often triggered by an emotional experience.
Term

sleep paralysis

 

Definition
Inability to move when falling asleep or waking up.
Term
hypnagogic hallucinations
Definition
Dream-like experiences during wakefulness.
Term

polyphasic sleep cycles

 

Definition
To regularly sleep more than once during the day.
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