Term
| Contrast X-ray techniques |
|
Definition
| Injecting into one compartment of the body a substance that absorbs X-rays either less than or more than the surrounding tissue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contrast X-ray technique that uses the infusion of a radio-opaque dye into a cerebral artery to visualize the cerebral circulatory system during X-ray photography. |
|
|
Term
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |
|
Definition
| Procedure in which high-resolution images are constructed from the measurement of waves that hydrogen atoms emit when they are activated by radio-frequency waves in a magnetic field. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ability to detect differences in spacial location. |
|
|
Term
| Positron Emission Tomography (PET) |
|
Definition
| Brain-imaging technique that provides images of brain activity rather than brain structure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Substance that is injected into the patient's carotid artery during a PET scan. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Produce brain images of the increase of oxygen flow in the blood to active areas of the brain. 4 advantages: nothing is injected, structural and functional information, spacial resolution is better and can produce 3D imaging.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Technique used to monitor brain activity by measuring changes in magnetic fields on the surface of the scalp that are produced by changes in underlying patterns of neural activity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| To be able to record fast changes in neural activity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Technique for disrupting the activity in an area of the cortex by creating a magnetic field under a coil positioned next to the skull. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Measure of the gross electrical activity of the brain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Regular high amplitude waves associated with relaxed wakefulness. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
EEG waves that accompany certain psychological events.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The change in the cortical EEG signal that is elicited by the momentary presentation of a sensory stimulus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Method used to reduce the noise of the background EEG. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Positive wave that occurs about 300 milliseconds after a momentary stimulus that has meaning for the subject. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small waves that originate far away in the sensory nuclei of the brain stem. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Procedure for measuring muscle tension. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| electrophysiological technique for recording eye movement |
|
|
Term
| skin conductance level (SCL) |
|
Definition
| Measure of the background level of skin conductance that is associated with a particular situation. |
|
|
Term
| skin conductance response (SCR) |
|
Definition
| Measure of transient changes in skin conductance that are associated with discrete experiences. |
|
|
Term
| Electrocardiogram (ECG) or EKG |
|
Definition
| Measure of the heart beat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chronic blood pressure that is 140/90 or more. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Various techniques for measuring changes in the volume of blood in a particular part of the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Means by which experimental devices are precisely positioned in the depths of the brain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used to locate brain structures in much the same way that a geographic atlas is used to locate geographic landmarks. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Point at the top of the skull where two of the major sutures (seams in the skull) intersect. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Instrument with two parts: a head holder which firmly holds each subject's brain in a prescribed position and orientation and an electrode holder that holds the device to be inserted. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
When a lesion is to be made in an area of cortical tissue that is accessible to the eyes and instruments of the surgeon.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When small small subcortical lesions are made by passing through radio-frequency current through the targe tissue from an electrode. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Alternative to destructive lesions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neural poisons that have an affinity for certain components of the nervous system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When slices of brain are coated with photographic emulsion, stored in the dark for a few days, and then developed much like film. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Method of measuring the extracellular concentration of specific neurochemicals in behaving animals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Procedure for locating particular neuroproteins in the brain by labeling their antibodies with a dye or radioactive element and then exposing slices of brain tissue to the labeled antibodies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Method for locating peptides and other proteins by making hybrid strands of RNA, then labeling the RNA with dye, and lastly cutting open the brain to expose the slices and finding their paths.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Procedures for creating organisms that lack a particular gene under investigation. |
|
|
Term
| Gene replacement techniques |
|
Definition
Replacing one gene with another.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Single set of procedures developed for the investigation of a particular behavioral phenomenon. |
|
|
Term
| Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) |
|
Definition
| Intelligence test used by psychologists. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Test used to measure language-related deficits. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Involves injecting the anesthetic sodium amytal into either the left or right carotid artery in the neck. Then language tests are administed to see which side of the brain in the dominant side for language. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sequences of spoken digits are presented to subjects through stereo headphones. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used to see if there are severe deficits in explicit memory while no deficits in implicit memory. This means that a patient will remember something, but they have no conscious memory of it. |
|
|
Term
| Wisconsin Card Sorting Test |
|
Definition
| Test used to see if patients have fronal lobe damage. |
|
|
Term
| constituent cognitive processes |
|
Definition
| Premise that each complex cognitive process results from the combined activity of simple cognitive processes. |
|
|
Term
| paired-image subtraction technique |
|
Definition
| Key behavioral research method used in cognitive neuroscience research. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When the subject is placed in a large, barren chamber and its activity is recorded. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fearful rats that rarely venture away from the walls of the test chamber and they rarely engage in activities like rearing or grooming.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When typical patterns of aggressive and defensive behavior can be observed and measured during combative encounters between the dominant male rate and a smaller male intruder. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Four-armed, plus sign shaped maze mounted above the floor that is a test of defensiveness that is commonly used to study anxiety-reducing effects of drugs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a female is receptive in sexual behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When the male inserts his penis into the female's vagina. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Measure of rat sexual behavior (proportion of mounts that elicit lordosis). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When an experimenter pairs an initially neutral stimulus with an unconditional stimulus that elicits an unconditional response. |
|
|
Term
| Operant conditioning paradigm |
|
Definition
| Rate at which a particular voluntary response is emitted is increased by reinforcement or decreased by punishment. |
|
|
Term
| conditioned taste aversion |
|
Definition
| Avoidance response that develops to tastes of food whose consumption has been followed by illness. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An array of arms, usually 8 or more, radiating from the central starting area.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| seminatural learning paradigm that has been designed to study the spacial abilities of rats. |
|
|
Term
| conditioned defensive burying |
|
Definition
| When rats receive a single aversive stimulus from an object mounted on the wall of the chamber just above the floor, which is littered with bedding material. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mass of cells that grows independently of the rest of the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tumors that grow between the three meninges. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tumors that grow within their own membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tumors that are surgically removable with little risk of further growth in the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tumors that grow diffusely through surrounding tissue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Difficult to remove or destroy them completely and any cancerous tissue that remains after surgery continues to grow. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tumors that do not originate in the brain, and they can be carried to the brain through the bloodstream. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sudden-onset cerebrovascular disorders that cause brain damage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bleeding of the brain that occurs when cerebral blood vessels ruptures and blood seeps into the surrounding neural tissue and damages it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pathological baloonlike dilation that forms in the wall of a blood vessel at a point where the elasticity of the vessel wall is defective. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aneurysms present at birth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Disruption of the blood supply to an area of the brain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of cerebral ischemia where a plug called thrombus is formed and blocks blood flow at the site of its formation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of cerebral ischemia, and like thrombosis, a plug called embolus is carried by the blood from a larger vessel, where it was formed, to a smaller one where it becomes lodged. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of cerebral ischemia where the walls of the blood vessels thicken and the channels narrow, usually as a result of fat deposits. This can lead to complete blockage of the blood vessel. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Brain's most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter and it plays a role in the brain damage associated with a stroke. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glutamate receptors that are associated with the overactive glutamate neurotransmitters. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Closed-head injuries that involve damage to the cerebral circulatory system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Localized collection of clotted blood in an organ or tissue, in other words, a bruise. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
When contusions occur on the opposite side of the brain struck by the blow.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Disturbance of consciousness following a blow to the head but there is no evidence of a contusion or other structural damage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The dementia and cerebral scarring that is observed in boxers and other individuals who experience repeated concussions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inflammation of the brain due to invasion of the brain by microorganisms.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When bacteria attacks and inflames the meninges. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sydrome of insanity and dementia that results from a syphilitic infection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chronic insanity produced by a neurotoxin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Motor disorder that has symptoms including involuntary smacking and sucking movement of the lips,thrusting and rolling of the tongue, lateral jaw movement and puffing of the cheek. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genetic disorder caused by the creation of an extra chromosome 21. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process by which cells destroy themselves. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Passive cell death resulting from injury. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Brain disease that gives you epileptic seizures and these are caused by ones own chronic brain dysfunction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When epileptics experience peculiar psychological changes before a convulsion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Seizure that does not involve the entire brain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Partial seizures whose symptoms are primarily sensory or motor or both. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Seizures that are often restricted to the temporal lobes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Involves the entire brain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of generalized seizure that can include loss of consciousness, loss of equilibrium, and a violent tonic-clonic convulsion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Shortage of oxygen supply to tissue that can accompany a grand mal seizure.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Type of generalized seizure associated with petit mal absence-a disruption of consciousness that is associated with a cessation of ongoing behavior. These are commonly found in children and people mistake it for kids just daydreaming.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement disorder of middle and old age that affects .5% of the population. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| midbrain of nucleas and this part of the brain is degenerated during parkinson's disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Progressive motor disorder of middle and old age but it is even more rare than parkinson's, it has a strong genetic basis, and it includes severe dementia. There is no cure and you will die from it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Loss of motor coordination. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most common cause of dementia and occurs in the older population. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Progressive development and intensification of convulsions elicited by a series of periodic brain stimulation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The development of epilepsy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The degeneration of the distal segment, which is the segment of the cut axon between the cut and the synaptic terminals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| degeneration of the proximal segment, which is the segment of a cut axon between the cut and the cell body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When an axon degenerates, axon branches grow out from adjacent healthy axons and synapse at the sites vacated by the degenerated axons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When amputees continue to experience limbs that have been amputated. |
|
|
Term
| bilateral medial temporal lobectomy |
|
Definition
| The removal of the medial portions of both temporal lobes, including most of the hippocampus, amygdala, and adjacent cortex. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lobectomy- lobe or major part of lobe is removed from the brain.
Lobotomy- lobe, or major part of one is seperated but not removed from the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amnesia for information presented in all sensory modalities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a nonsensorimotor test of memory that employs five sets of fragmented drawings. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transfer of short-term memories to long-term storage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Memories that are expressed by improved test performance without conscious awareness. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tests developed to assess implicit memory. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Explicit memories for general facts or information.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Explicit memories for a particular events or experiences of one's life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Disorder of memory that is common in people who have consumed large amounts of alcohol. |
|
|
Term
| posttraumatic amnesia (PTA) |
|
Definition
| Amnesia following a nonpenetrating blow to the head. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An intense, brief, diffuse, seizure-inducing current that is administered to the brain through large electrodes attached to the scalp. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A change in the brain that stores a memory. |
|
|
Term
| delayed nonmatching-to-sample test |
|
Definition
| Test that was given to monkeys with bilateral medial temporal lobectomies. Monkeys are presented with a distinctive object, under which it finds food. Then, after a delay, the monkey is presented with 2 tests objects: familiar one and unfamiliar one. Monkey must remember to grab food out of unfamiliar one. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Memory for the general principles and skills that are required to perform a task. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Temporary memory that is necessary for the sucessful performance of a task on which one is currently working. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neurons that respond only when a subject is in specific locations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Theory that there are several systems in the brain that specialize in the memory of different kinds of information, and the specific function of the hippocampus is the storage of memories for spatial location. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The cortex of the inferior temporal lobe. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thought to store memories of learned sensorimoter skills. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thought to store memories for consistent relationships between stimuli and responses-the type of memories that develop incrementally over many trials. |
|
|
Term
long-term potential (LTP)
|
|
Definition
| Facilitation of synaptic transmission following high-frequency electrical stimulation applied to presynaptic neurons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Receptor for glutamate, the main excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Soluble-gas neurotransmitter that is synthesized in the postsynaptic neurons in response to calcium influx and then diffuses back into the terminal buttons of the presynaptic neurons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3 standard psychophysiological bases for defining stages of sleep. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| waxing and waning bursts of 8 to 12 Hz EEG waves that occur right when you go to sleep. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Largest and slowest EEG waves that occur in stage 3 of sleep. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When you go through stages 1 through 4 and then go back through them again. Then you emerge to stage 1 that is associated with REM sleep. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Refers to stages 3 and 4 which are associated with slow delta waves. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sleep associated with emergent stage 1 EEG and it is named after rapid eye movements. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| activation-synthesis theory |
|
Definition
| Theory that the information supplied to the cortex during REM sleep is largely random and the resulting dream is the cortex's effort to make sense of these random signals. |
|
|
Term
| recuperation theories of sleep |
|
Definition
| Being awake disrupts the homeostasis of the body in some way and sleep is required to restore it. |
|
|
Term
| circadian theories of sleep |
|
Definition
| Theory that sleep is not a reaction to the disruptive effects of being awake but the result of an internal timing mechanism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Environmental cues, such as the light-dark cycle, that can control the timing of circadian rythems. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Circadian rhythms in constant environments. |
|
|
Term
| internal desynchronization |
|
Definition
| When subjects are housed in constant laboratory environments, their sleep-wake and body temperature cycles sometimes break away from one another. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When zeitgebers that control the phases of various circadian rhythms are accelerated during east-bound flights or decelerated during west-bound flights. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Brief periods of sleep, typically 2 to 3 seconds long, during which the eyelids droop and the subject becomes less responsive to external stimuli, even though they remain sitting or standing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used to deprive rats of sleep in experiments. |
|
|
Term
| tricyclic antidepressant drugs |
|
Definition
| Drugs that selectively block REM sleep, and when taken, prevents people from having REM sleep. |
|
|
Term
| cerveau isolé preparation |
|
Definition
| When you sever the brain stem between the inferior colliculi and the superior colliculi in order to disconnect the forebrains from ascending sensory inputs. |
|
|
Term
| encéphale isolé preparation |
|
Definition
| When researchers would disconnect the brain stem from the rest of the nervous system in cats. |
|
|
Term
| reticular activating system |
|
Definition
| Refers to the reticular formation and low levels of activity in the reticular formation produce sleep and high levels of activity produce wakefulness. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Internal timing mechanism. |
|
|
Term
| suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) |
|
Definition
| part of the medial hypothalamus that was shown to disrupt various circadian cycles including sleep-wake cycles when lesions were made. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sleep-inlfluencing drug that disrupts circadian rhythmicity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gland that synthesises melatonin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Physician-created insomnia due to inappropriate prescription of drugs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of insomnia where someone will stop breathing several times each night. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Periodic twitching of the body, usually the legs, during sleep. Type of insomnia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When people twitch their legs at night and they are aware of it, unlike nocturnal myoclonus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| symptom of narcolepsy that is characterized by recurring loss of muscle tone during wakefulness, often triggered by an emotional experience. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inability to move when falling asleep or waking up. |
|
|
Term
| hypnagogic hallucinations |
|
Definition
| Dream-like experiences during wakefulness. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| To regularly sleep more than once during the day. |
|
|
