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| Scientific study of the biology of behavior. |
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| Study of biological processes by comparing different species. |
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| Different group of subjects is tested under each condition. |
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Same group of subjects under each condition
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| Division of biopsychology that studies the neural mechanisms of behavior through the direct manipulation of the brain in controlled experiments. |
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| focuses on manipulation of neural activity and behavior with drugs. |
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| Study of psychological effects of brain damage in human patients. |
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| division of biopsychology that studies the relatio between physiological activity and psychological processes in human subjects. |
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Studies neural bases of cognition.
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| Higher processes such as thought, memory, attention and complex perceptual processes. |
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| Deals generally with the biology of behavior, rather than with specific neural mechanisms of behavior. |
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| Different approaches to a single problem in such a way that strengths of one approach compensate for weaknesses of another approach. |
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| Empirical method used by biopsychologits and other scientists to study the unobservable. |
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| Electroencephalogram (EEG) |
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| Measures muscle tension, eye movement, and other indicators from the ANS. |
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| Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) |
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| Division of the nervous system that regulates the body's inner environment. |
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| animals with dorsal nerve cords |
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| behaviors or structures that are incidental nonadaptive evolutionary by-products. |
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| characteristics evolved to perform one function and were later co-opted to perform another. |
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| similarities between analogous structures that result from species of similar solutions to the same environmental demands. |
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| cerebral hemispheres in brain. |
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| folds on the cerebral surface. |
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| Male forms bonds with more than one female. |
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| Female forms mating bonds with more than one male. |
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division of the nervous system located within the brain and skull.
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Nervous system outside of the brain and skull.
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| part of PNS that interacts with the external environment. |
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| carries sensory signals from the skin, skeletal muscles, joints, eyes, ears and etc. to the CNS. |
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| part of the PNS that regulates the body's internal environment. |
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| autonomic motor nerves that project from the CNS in the lumbar (small of the back) and thoracic (chest area) regions of the spinal cord. |
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| Autonomic motor nerves that project from the brain and sacral (lower back) region of the spinal cord. |
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| 12 pairs of nerves which project from the brain. |
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| 3 protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. |
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| Tough outer meninx (meninges) membrane. |
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| Middle meninx layer (spiderweblike membrane). |
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Beneath arachnoid and it contains many blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid.
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| Innermost meninx which adheres to the surface of the CNS. |
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| Protects CNS and it fills the subarachnoid space, the central canal of the spinal cord and the cerebral ventricles. |
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| central channel that runs the length of the spinal cord. |
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| 4 large internal chambers of the brain: 2 large ventricles, 3rd ventricle and 4th ventricle. |
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| mechanism that impedes passage of toxic substances from the blood into the brain. |
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Neuron with more than two processes extending from it's cell body.
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| One process extending from the cell body. |
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| Two processes extending from it's cell body. |
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Cells other than neurons in the nervous system.
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| Glial cells that send out extensions that wrap around the axons of some neurons of the CNS. |
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| Glial cells found in the PNS and they can guide axonal regeneration after damage, unlike oligodendrocytes. |
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| Largest glial cells that are star-shaped and can be a passage for chemicals from blood to enter the CNS. |
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| Glial cells that respond to injury or desease by engulfing cellular debris and triggering inflammatory respones. |
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| method that stains neural tissue to show the neuron silhouettes. |
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| Stain that reveals specific cells. |
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| Neuroanatomical technique that provides information about the details of neuronal structures. |
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| Two dorsal arms of the spinal gray matter. |
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| Two ventral arms of the spinal gray matter. |
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| The stem on which the cerebral hemispheres sit. |
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| Most Posterior division of the brain compused of tracts carrying signals between the rest of the brain and the body. |
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| Complex network of around 100 tiny nuclei that occupies the central core of the brain stem. |
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| Houses many ascending and descending tracts and part of the reticular formation. |
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| Brain stems ventral surface and part of the metencephalon. |
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| Large structure on the brain stem's dorsal surface important for sensorimotor structure. |
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| Midbrain composed of the tectum and tegmentum. |
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Dorsal surface of the midbrain composed of two pairs of bumps called the inferior colliculi and the superior colliculi.
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| Posterior pair that has an auditory function. |
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| Anterior pair that has a visual function. |
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| division of the mesencephalon ventral to the tectum containing the periaqueductal gray, the substantia nigra and the red nucleas. |
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| gray matter situated around the cerebral aqueduct. |
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| Duct containing 3rd and 4th ventricles, which play a role in mediating pain-reducing effects of opiate drugs. |
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| Part of the brain composed of the thalamus and the hypothalamus. |
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| Large, two-lobed structure that constitutes the top of the brain stem. |
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| Joins the two thalamus lobes together. |
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| Located below the thalamus and it plays an important role in the regulation of several motivated behaviors. |
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| Gland that dangles from the hypothalamus. |
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| Point at which the optic nerves from each eye come together. Part of the hypothalamus. |
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| axons of the optic nerve that cross over to the other side of the brain. |
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| When the axons of the optic nerve stay on the same side of the body. |
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| Pair of spherical nuclei located on the inferior surface of the hypothalamus. |
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| Largest division of the human brain composed of the cerebral hemispheres. |
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| Layer of tissue covering the cerebral hemispheres. |
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| Large furrows in a convoluted cortex. |
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| Ridges between fissures and sulci (small furrows). |
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| Largest fissure that can be seen from looking above someone's head. |
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| 3 Tracts that connect the two cerebral hemispheres. |
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| 90% of the human cerebral cortex, which is a six-layered cortex. |
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| Large multipolar neurons with pyramid-shaped cell bodies. |
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| Small star-shaped interneurons. |
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| Neurons in a given vertical column of neocortex often form a mini-circuit that performs a single function. |
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| Area of cortex that is not part of the neocortex and it only has 3 layers. |
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| Circuit of midline structures that circle the thalamus and is involved in the regulation of motivated behaviors. |
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| Almond-shaped nucleus in the anterior temporal lobe that is a part of the limbic system. |
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| Part of the limbic system that encircles the dorsal thalamus. |
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| Midline nucleusthat is located at the anterior tip of the cingulate cortex. |
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| the difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of a cell. |
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| The intracellular electrodes used record neuron membrane potential. |
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| Steady membrane potential of a neuron, which is -70mV. |
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| Specialized pores on the neuron membrane. |
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| To decrease the resting membrane potential. |
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| To increase the resting membrane potential. |
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| Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials |
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Definition
Increases the likelihood that a neuron will fire. |
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| Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials |
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Definition
| Decreases the likelihood that the neuron will fire. |
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Definition
| The amplitude ESPSs and ISPSs are proportional to the intensity of the signals that elicit them. |
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| When the sum of depolarizations and hyperpolarizations is sufficient to depolarize the membrane. |
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| Massive momentary reversal of the membrane potential from -70 to 50 mV. |
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Voltage-Activated Ion Channels
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| Ion channels that open or close in response to the changes in the level of membrane potential. |
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| Absolute Refractory Period |
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Definition
| Period after an action potential was initiated where it is impossible to elicit a second one. |
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| Relative Refractory Period |
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| Period during which it is possible to fire the neuron again, but only by applying higher-than-normal levels of stimulation. |
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| The transmission of action potentials in myelinated axons. |
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| When an action potential is stimulated at the terminal end of an axon and travels back to the cell body. |
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| Axonal conduction in the natural direction from the cell body to the terminal button. |
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| Nodules of various shapes that are located on the surfaces of many dendrites. |
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| The process of neurotransmitter release. |
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| Any molecule that binds to another. |
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| Receptors that are associated with ligand-activated ion channels. |
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| Receptors that are associated with signal proteins and G proteins. |
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| Metabotropic receptors that have to unconventional characteristics: they bind to their neuron's own neurotransmitter molecules and they are located on the presynaptic membrane vs. the postsynaptic membrane. |
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| Narrow Spaces between adjacent neurons that are bridged to fine tubular channels that contain cytoplasm. |
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