Term
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Definition
| A type of glutamate receptor involved in memory |
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Term
| What is the most common inhibitory receptor? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| reception, conducting, and transmission of electrochemical signals |
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Term
| Parts of the receptive zone of a neuron |
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Definition
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Term
| Parts of the transmission zone of the neuron |
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Definition
| Axon, (myelin, cytoskeleton, terminal buttons) |
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Term
| Parts of cytoskeleton and what they do |
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Definition
1) Neurofilaments (maintain structure and shape)
2) Microtubules (transportation of materials) |
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Term
| What type of cells create myelin |
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Definition
| Schwann cells (in the PNS) and oligodendrocytes (in the CNS) |
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Term
| Nodes of Ranvier versus internodes |
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Definition
| Nodes are the places where there is no myelin, internodes are where there IS myelin |
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Term
| Three types of Macroglia? |
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Definition
| astrocytes, oligodendroctyes, Schwann cells |
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Term
| Type of microglia and what it does |
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Definition
| Macrophages: scavengers that remove cellular debris |
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Term
| What are the small bumps on dendrites called and what is their function? |
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Definition
| Dendritic spines: increased surface area for more reception, can change in shape and number as part of plasticity |
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Term
| Difference in the way that information is transmitted between versus within neurons |
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Definition
| Information moves between neurons in a chemical way and within neurons in electrochemical ways |
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Term
| What are the types of brain tumors (neoplasms)? |
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Definition
| Glioma, meningioma, metastatic |
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Term
| Which types of brain tumors usually come in multiples? |
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Definition
| Metastatic and meningioma |
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Term
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Definition
| Tumors that arise from glial cells, usually infiltrate, 45% of brain tumors |
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Term
| Characteristics of dendrites (shapes)? |
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Definition
| Short, decrease in diameter, display ARBORIZATION (branching out like a tree) |
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Term
| What are ion channels made of |
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Definition
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Term
| Are microglia part of the blood brain barrier? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Patchy areas of destroyed myelin (disrupt AP because they don’t have the sodium and potassium channels) |
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Term
| What two factors affect conduction velocity |
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Definition
| presence of myelin, neuron diameter |
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Term
| Charge and permeability of proteins? |
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Definition
| They have a negative charge and low membrane permeability |
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Term
| What does the sodium potassium pump do? |
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Definition
| Structure in the membrane which uses energy to create resting potential by pumping 3 sodium out for every 2 sodium in |
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Term
| Why is there such a large variety of MS sxs? |
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Definition
| Because there are many different areas of the brain that the plaques can be and affect (sensory, motor, spinal, etc.) |
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Term
| Most common type of neuron? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Macroglia that are wrapped around blood vessels. They are the largest glial cells, star shaped, provide structural support, part of BBB, help repair tissue, assist with reuptake, etc. |
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Term
| What type of macroglia form myelin in the CNS? |
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Definition
| Oligodendrocytes; one of these can myelnate many neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| Macroglia that form myelin in the PNS-- each one only myelinates one axon |
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Term
| What forces are created by the sodium potassium pump/resting potential? |
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Definition
Chemical: Na+ wants in, K+ wants out (concentration)
Electrical: Na+ and K+ want to come in (electrochemical) |
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Term
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Definition
| The downhill slope when the neuron is being repolarized and cannot fire another potential yet |
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Term
| What is the most common type of directed synapse? |
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Definition
| Axodendritic, and it is typically excitatory |
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Term
| which type of directed synapse can go in either direction? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of directed synapse is typically inhibitory? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of directed synapse mediates presynaptic facilitation and inhibition? |
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Definition
| Axoaxonic (illustration of A on B and C) |
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Term
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Definition
| longer way to travel, longer effects, |
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Term
| What ion is involved at the synapse of an AP? |
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Definition
| Ca++ (the channels are activated and there is an influx) |
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Term
| Difference between ionotropic receptor and metabotropic receptor? |
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Definition
| They are both postsynaptic receptors but ionotropic ones are fast and they're part of an ion channel. Metabotropic ones are slow and use a G protein to signal an ion channel far away |
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Term
| Characteristics of postsynaptic potentials? |
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Definition
| they are quicker than action potentials, they travel passively, they are decremental, and they are graded |
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Term
| What happens in an axodendritic synapse? |
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Definition
| The neuron depolarizes (excites) through the opening of either Na or Ca channels-- so that positive ions flow in and the K+ channels close |
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Term
| What happens in an axosomatic synapse? |
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Definition
| It is inhibitory, or the cell becomes hyper polarized, because K+ channels open and let them flow out while Cl- channels open and let Cl inside |
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Term
| temporal summation characteristics |
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Definition
| integrate input over time and happens in one synapse |
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Term
| Spatial summation characteristics |
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Definition
| integrate input across space and happens across multiple synapses |
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Term
| Small molecule NT characteristics |
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Definition
| synthesized in terminal button, released in directed synapses |
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Term
| Large molecule NT characteristics |
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Definition
| neuropeptides, assembled in cell body, taken to terminal via microtubules, released in non-directed synapse |
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Term
| Is DA inhibitory or excitatory, and what drugs are associated? |
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Definition
| Inhibitory (generally), amphetamines and other stimulant are DA agonists (foster release and block reuptake) |
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Term
| Metabolic versus functional tolerance |
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Definition
| metabolic drug tolerance happens when less of the drug gets to the receptor areas because the body learns to metabolize it more quickly, and functional drug tolerance is when there is decreased responsiveness at the site of action |
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Term
| Contingent drug tolerance |
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Definition
| Tolerance only develops to drug effects that are experienced |
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Term
| Conditioned drug tolerance |
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Definition
| Maximal tolerance seen in environment where drug is usually taken |
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Term
| What are the anatomical planes of section? |
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Definition
| coronal, horizontal, sagittal |
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Term
| What do we call a bundle of axons? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do we call a group of cell bodies in the CNS? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do we call a group of cell bodies in the PNS? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the protective covering of the CNS (brain and spinal cord) called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the dorsal root of the vertebrae receive information from? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A region of the skin that is innervated-- each spinal nerve is responsible for a different section of skin |
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Term
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Definition
| innervates striated muscles, voluntary, initiated by frontal lobe |
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Term
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Definition
| smooth muscle, mostly involuntary, |
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Term
| Cranial nerves are in charge of what three major functions |
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Definition
| respiratory, cardiac, circulatory (highly related to medulla and pons) |
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Term
| Reticular formation function |
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Definition
| level of arousal, projects to most of cortex |
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Term
| The midbrain is divided into what two sectinos |
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Definition
| tectum (dorsal roof) and tegmentum (ventral floor) |
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Term
| specific symptoms from CHI |
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Definition
| functional impairment where coup and countercoup are, damage to frontal and temporal poles (memory), and overall personality symptoms, problem solving ,etc. |
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Term
| generalized symptoms from CHI |
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Definition
| slow processing speed, concentration problems |
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Term
| How can a TBI affect brain functioning? |
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Definition
| tissue damage, disrupt blood supply, hemorrhage (kills neurons to be bathed in blood), edema (swelling increases pressure), scarring, infection |
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Term
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Definition
| axons stretch and twist and causes them to break apart-- too much of this can cause a coma |
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Term
| The sympathetic nervous system is mediated by which two neurotransmitters? |
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Definition
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Term
| The parasympathetic nervous system is mediated by which neurotransmitters? |
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Definition
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Term
| Three parts of the meninges |
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Definition
| dura (hard outer layer), Pia (thin protective layer), arachnoid (spider web like) |
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Term
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Definition
| cerebellum, pons, medulla |
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Term
| what structure divides midbrain to roof and floor |
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Definition
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