ANTERROGRADE amnesia is: 

-the inability to form new memories from the point of braindamage onward 

RETROGRADE amnesia is: 

-the inability to remember events from before the time of brain damage 

H.M. was: 

 -a man with anterrograde amnesia

 --was caused by a BILATERAL TEMPORAL LOBECTOMY which he had done to stop his seizures

-showed us that the temporal lobe plays a part in memory

-showed us that memory is not generalized

CLASSIC conditioning is: 

-PAVLOVIAN conditioning

--think dogs

-pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to eventually get a conditioned response

--examples are dogs and eyeblink conditioning 

H.M.'s PROFILE was:

-anterrograde amnesia

--could not make EXPLICIT long term memories due to bilateral temporal lobectomy

 -short term memory worked

-unconscious long term memory intact

--performed well on the rotary pursuit task, mirro-drawing test, and incomplete picture test

--performed poorly on block-tapping memory span test, digit span + 1 test 

what are the current theories on HIPPOCAMPUS FUNCTION? 

1.  cognitive map theory, states that the hippocampus does space by external objects/landmarks and also in relation to oneself

2.  configural association theory- hippocampus stores many associated memrys w/ behavioral signif

ie it tells us when a light means food and when it doesnt

3.   the hippocampus plays a role in recognizing spatial relationships of object, as in a scene

4.  also theory that the hippocampus is instrumental in consolidation 

DIGIT SPAN +1 TEST is: 

-tests ability to form longterm memories

-hm could only get 8 digit sequence, while normals get 15 digits

BLOCK-TAPPING MEMORY SPAN TEST is: 

-used to test memory of non-verbal material

-showed that hm had global amnesia=amnesia for all senses 

MIRROR-DRAWING TEST is: 

-used to test for sensori-motor memory

-hms performance improved although he did not consciously remember the test 

ROTARY PURSUIT TEST is: 

-showed that hm had some longterm, implicit memory 

INCOMPLETE PICTURE TEST is: 

-nonsensorimotor

-hm had longterm unconscious retention 

 MEDIAL TEMPORAL LOBE AMNESIA symptoms:

-preserved intellectual functioning

-evidence of damage to this region

-profile of mnemonic deficits similar to hms 

EXPLICIT MEMORIES are: 

-conscious, involving deliberate recall

-episodic

-semantic 

IMPLICIT MEMORIES are: 

-expressed by improved test performance w/o conscious awareness 

EPISODIC MEMORIES are: 

-explicit memories

-for particular events 

SEMANTIC MEMORIES are: 

-explicit memories

-for general facts/info 

REPITITION PRIMING TESTS are: 

-used to assess implicit memory

-incomplete pictures test is an example 

what is the advantage of having an 'implicit' and an 'explicit' memory system? 

-explicit memory is more flexible 

KORSAKOFF'S SYNDROME is: 

-progressive

-etiology=thiamine defficiency due to chronic alcoholism

-both retrograde and anterograde

-confabulation

-diffuse damage in:

--medial diencephalon

--prefrontal cortex

PREFRONTAL CORTEX memory deficits are: 

-temporal ordering and working memory

 --difficulty in remembering the sequence of events

 --poor performance in self-order tasks

ALZHIEMER'S DISEASE is: 

-common cause of dementia

-progressive mem loss associated w aging

-pathological changes in the brain: 

--**DECREASE IN ACETYLCHOLINE**

--neural degeneration

--beta-amyloid plaques

--neurofibullary tangles 

 **see acetylcholine, basal forebrain

causes of amnesia: 

-korsakoffs

 -alzheimer

-prefrontal memory defs

-head trauma

-stroke

-drugs

-electro shock therapy

-infection

SENSORY MEMORY is: 

-copy of very recent sensory information

-thought to be stored in primary sensory cortex 

WORKING MEMORY is: 

-temporary

-necessary for successful performance of current task 

SHORT TERM memory is: 

-for things you have just experienced

-longer than sensory or working

-limited capacity 

LONG TERM MEMORY is: 

-longest lasting

-virtually unlimited capacity

-short term memory moves into LTM by 'consolidation'

-emotional responses enhance LTM

CONSOLIDATION is: 

-the process of forming LTMs

-aided by strong emotion and attention 

-HM had consolidation deficit 

HMs BILATERAL MEDIAL TEMPORAL LOBECTOMY included removal of: 

-hippocampus

-amygdala

-adjacent cortex aka rhinal cortex

-monkeys had bi-lateral MTL damaged

 -monkeys w/o lesions=can figure it out, monkeys w/ lesions = can do it at short delays but perform at chance level with longer delays

-CONCLUSION?   bi-lat MTL lesions result in sever deficits of long term object memory

SEE DNMTS TASK IN RATS

what were 5 implications of HMs case?

 1.  challenged the view that memory was equally and diffusely represented throughout the brain

2.  first evidence indicating different kinds of memory

-aka explicit vs implicit 

3.  supported different modes of storage for LTM and STM 

4.  implicated the MTL

5.  misc other questions about dif roles of dif regions 

so about DELAYED NON-MATCHING TO SAMPLE test for RATS...: 

-in rats, only the hippocampus was lesioned

-the result was that the lesioned rats suffered moderate to no deficit in DNMTS test

-CONCLUSION is that the hippocampus has only small role in object recognition 

so about DELAYED NON-MATCHING TO SAMPLE test in RATS...: 

-rats had only hippocampus lesioned

-lesioned rats suffered only moderate to no object recognitino deficits

-CONCLUSION = hippocampus plays only small role in object recognition

SEE DNMTS TEST IN MONKEYS 

the DELAYED NON-MATCHING TO SAMPLE test is: 

-subject is presented an signal object with food under it.  then subjct is presented with signal object plus a new object.  the food is under the new object

-tests object recognition memory

-damage to the RHINAL cortex produces severe deficits in long term object memory 

the RHINAL CORTEX is: 

-part of the medial temporal lobe

-composed of the perirhinal and entirhinal

-implicated in OBJECT MEMORY by DNMTS test

 (see dnmts in rats and monkeys)

OBJECT MEMORY is: 

-based in the MTL, more specificallly the RHINAL cortex

-our ability to recognize objects 

PLACE CELLS are: 

-found in the HIPPOCAMPUS

-inactive when subject is first placed in test area

-as subject is repeatedly introduced to test area certain of these cells respond to the subjects position w/in the area 

the HIPPOCAMPUS is: 

-implicated in spatial memory

-helps us navigate 

-part of the MTL 

-contains 'place cells'

-abnormally large in experienced taxi drivers and birds that hide food which implicates the hippocampus

-bi-lat lesions to the hippocampus disrupt performance on spatial memory tasks such as;

--morris water maze test

 --radial arm maze test

MORRIS WATER MAZE TEST is: 

-rat is placed in a tank of murky water with a platform just under the surface

-hippocampal lesions= poor retention

no hippocampal lesions= good retention

 --thus implicating the hippocampus in spatial memory

RADIAL ARM MAZE TEST is: 

-maze w/ central chamber and several arms

-food is placed in the same arms each trial

-rats w/ hippocampal lesions = cant remember this

w/o hippocampal lesions = remember which arms have food easily 

AMYGDALA is: 

-associated with emotion memories, particularly fear

-mice with lesioned amyg show poor fear conditioning in comparison to normal mice

-ppl w/ amyg damage dont aquire conditioned startle response although they have explicit memory of upcoming scary event

-was removed in HM 

PREFRONTAL CORTEX's role in memory is: 

-role in working memory and memory of sequencing and temporal ordering 

-no obvious amnesia, ie no event memory loss or language loss

-damage results in poor working memory and inability to execute sequences or coordinate things

ie chef who remembered all the recipes, knew the techniques, but could not perform them in the correct sequence 

the CEREBELLUM's role in memory is: 

-site of sensorimotor learning

-implicit learning/memory

-pavlovian responses

ie eyeblink response 

the STRIATUM's role in memory is: 

-sensorimotor learning/memory

-store memories for consistent relationships between stimulus and response, that develop incrementally over time

 --less reflexive than cerebellum

-ex, study w/ parkinsons (stri damg) vs MTL damage, played game where they would have to press one of two keys based on a card they saw.  although parkinsons patients had explicit memory of playing the game, they did not improve where as MTL patients didn't know they had played it yet improved anyways (p280)

the INFEROTEMPORAL CORTEX's role in memry is: 

-helps in storing memrs of visual patterns

ie we need it to process the visual pattern of an object before we can identify that object 

-located on the outside of the temporal crtx, on the bottom part 

MEDIAL DIENCEPHALON's role in memry is: 

-damaged in korsakoffs 

BASAL FOREBRAIN's role in memry is: 

-creates acetylcholine

-in alz, acetylcholine is depleted

-strokes w/ damage to the BF can cause amnesia

--combined w/ the alz thing this implicates acetylcholine in memory 

ACETYLCHOLINE is: 

-a neurotransmitter

-deficient in alzheimers

-created by the BASAL FOREBRAIN

-implicated in memory 

theories of CONSOLIDATION are: 

-the hippocampus is generally thought to play an important role

1.  memories are temporarily stored in the hippocampus until they can be stored more stably in other regions

-explains retrograde amnesia from just before HM's operation

-supported by various studies

2.  memories stay in hippo for as long as they exist but over time get stronger in other areas and become more resistant to change and hippo damage

-every time the memry is recalled a new ENGRAM is linked to the old one, making it more stable and dif to disrupt 

an ENGRAM is: 

-a change in the brain that stores memory

CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA is: 

-an interruption of blood flow to the brain

-often suffer medial temporal lobe amnesia, although may cause lesions in other places

-R.B.   

R.B. was: 

-a guy whose surgery got botched

-suffered cerebral ischemia

-hippocampal damage mainly in the pyramidal cell layer in the ca1 subfield

LONG TERM POTENTIATION is: 

-synaptic transmission happens when there are repeated excitatory impulses recieved by the presynaptic neuron 

**the CO-OCCURANCE of the firing is critical** 

-the phsiological basis for learning

-leaves potentiated synapses more receptive to similar stimulus

-may last for many weeks 

support (3) for the theory that LTP is related to leraning and memory are: 

1.  LTP effects are most prominent in structures implicated in memory/learning ie hippo

2.  behavioral conditioning may produce LTP like changes in the hippo

3. many drugs that influence memry/learning have parallel effects on LTP

 .   

the 3 part process of LTP is: 

1.  induction-learning

2.  maintenance-memory

3.  expression-recall 

NMDA RECEPTORS are: 

-receptor for glutamate

-likely site of learning/memory

-does not respond maximally unless glutamate binds to it while the post synaptic membrane is already partially depolarized

-this allows for greater influx of CA