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Definition
| Support cells, don't convey info over large distances although they do exchange chemicals with adjacent neurons. Functional: mechanical, nutritional, metabolic, and waste support |
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Definition
| Speeds conduction, reduces energy use, and prevents cross talk (nerves signaling to other nerves) |
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Definition
| Made of blood vessels and glia that surrounds them, not a single barrier but many endothelial cells of blood vessels (tight junctions) and glia. |
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Definition
| One that uses no energy, small molecules pass but big ones can't- except fat soluble ones that dissolve in lipid membranes. |
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| Brain/Behavior Relationship |
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Definition
| Brain causes behavior. We observe behavior and infer brain activity, behavior and brain activity are not the same |
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Definition
| The conscious non behavioral functioning of the brain, it is the output (and effect) of brain activity (aka does not determine brain activity) |
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| Stimuli/inputs impact on brain activity |
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Definition
| The stimuli/imputs activate sensory organs, which pass neural activity to the brain |
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| Memories impact on brain activity |
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Definition
| Adapt our responses to current stimuli based on past info |
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| Genetics effect on brain activity |
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Definition
| Genes lay down the basic framework/wiring of the nervous system (brain proteins and chemicals), which in turn affects how brain activity flows when operated on by the environment |
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Definition
| Neurons + connections = neural pathways. Caused by growth (development- guided by genes) and experience |
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Definition
| The formation / changing of connections |
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Definition
| When a child receives the same allele from both parents |
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Definition
| When a child receives a different allele from each parent e.g. Bb |
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Definition
| Genes on either the x or y chromosome e.g. gene for chest hair and breast size is sex linked |
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Definition
| Genes that can be present in both sexes, however activated by sex hormones (e.g. estrogen) |
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Definition
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| What genes are visible e.g. me and my sisters have the gene for red hair but it only shows up in my sister (b/c we have different phenotypes) |
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| Biopsychological Perspective |
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Definition
| Behaviour is caused by brain activity, actions of neurons, hormones, metabolism all affect behaviour, genes affect but do not determine our behaviour |
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| Genes are NOT blueprints for us |
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Definition
| Genes code for construction of proteins, they are blueprints for the molecules (proteins) during transcription/translation but NOT for us. Its like a plan for a program, but not the program itself |
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Definition
| Structural genes and molecular machines of cells (enzyme) |
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Definition
| Gene that turn other genes on (expressed) and off (not expressed) |
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| Genes which code for proteins |
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Definition
| Some are structures (e.g. cell skeletons, transmitter receptors, etc.) and others enzymes (important for chemical reactions like making transmitters) |
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| Genes control growth of cells and connections via |
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Definition
| making proteins (structures of the cell) and marking the path for growing axons to follow. |
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| Action Potential (cell firing) |
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Definition
| Leads to neurotransmitters being released from the end of the axon onto the next cell and rapid depolarization |
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Definition
| The part of the soma (cell body of a neuron) that connects to the axon and where the action potentials are generated. |
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Definition
| Difference in electrical potential b/w the inside and outside of the cell, specifically refers to the membrane, as opposed to the resting potential which is more general |
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Definition
| axon (carry info), soma, dendrites (receive info), and presynaptic terminals (transmit info) |
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| Nourishment of vertebrate neurons |
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Definition
| Need glucose (the only nutrient that can cross the BBB) which in order to use glucose they need thiamine (B1) |
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Definition
| Chicken pox, shingles, herpes, nile virus, etc. |
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Definition
| most viruses / pathogens *DON'T say toxins or drugs |
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Definition
| What we see and hear when we record activity, it "codes" activity |
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Definition
| The electrical potential of a neuron or other excitable cell relative to its surroundings when its at rest. Inside is slightly negative |
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Definition
| Summation of excitatory and inhibitory inputs |
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Definition
| Small gap between one neuron and the next, most important in the firing. It converts the electrical signal in one neuron into a chemical one in order to cross the synaptic cleft, then the chemical signal causes an electrical one to be created. |
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Term
| Neurons transporting activity: order |
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Definition
1. Release of transmitter at axon terminal (after action potential travels down node to node on the axon)
2. Transmitters crossing synapse
3. Activation of receptors of next cell
4. Generation of electrical activity on next cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Two inputs coming from the same neuron one after another (very close) and adding together |
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Term
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Definition
| Two inputs from different neurons coming in at the same time |
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Definition
| Pumps 3 sodium ions out of the cell, while drawing 2 potassium ions in, this is an active transport therefore requiring energy |
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Term
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Definition
| Operates on ions according to their positive or negative charge relative to the environment (voltage-gradient) |
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Term
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Definition
| Operates on ions according to the amount of them, relative to the environment (inner/outer membrane) |
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Term
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Definition
| Electrical gradient across a membrane |
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Term
| How do action potentials get triggered? |
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Definition
| Each excitatory input excites the cell (but dies out after a little bit), however if the inputs excite the cell beyond its "threshold" it will fire |
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Term
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Definition
| Undergo spatial and temporal summation by post synaptic cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Axons> terminals> dendrites> cell body> axon hillock> axon> terminals |
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Term
| Difference in electrical signal b/w axon and post-synaptic cell |
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Definition
| The axon electrical signal is all-or-none, whereas the other one is graded |
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Term
| When active a neuron is not so negative however when firing |
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Definition
| It is way less negative, can even be positive. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemically-gated ion channels |
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Term
| Post synaptic potentials that make the cell less negative |
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Definition
| Excite the cell, causing it to fire. Whereas ones that make it more negative inhibit it |
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Term
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Definition
| The body expends loads of energy (via sodium-potassium pump) to keep the cell at resting potential cause it prepares the neuron to respond rapidly. -70 mV |
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Term
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Definition
| To increase polarization by making the cell more negative so that it won't fire (inhibit) |
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Term
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Definition
| To make the cell more positive, if you make it positive enough it passes the threshold of excitation the cell will open its sodium channels, allowing them to flood across the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| Membrane channels that let things in according to their voltage difference across the membrane. At rest these are all closed, but as the cell becomes de-polarized it slightly opens, and when it reaches threshold they are wide opened |
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Term
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Definition
| Right after the action potential the cell is still above threshold but doesn't fire b/c of this period. 2 parts: absolute refractory period and relative refractory period. |
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Term
| Relative Refractory Period |
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Definition
| It takes a higher than usual stimulation to increase an action potential. |
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Term
| Four ions crucial to cell activity |
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Definition
| Sodium, potassium (both positive), chloride, and protein anions (both negative) |
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Term
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Definition
| Passive, chemically gated, and voltage gated |
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Term
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Definition
| Opens in response to neurotransmitters, this is on the dendrites and cell body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Opens when voltage across the membrane changes, is in the axon and axon hillock |
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Term
| Brain damage to the temporal lobe |
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Definition
| Leads to language and memory problems |
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Term
| Excitatory PostSynaptic Potential |
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Definition
| A graded depolarization (becoming more positive) |
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Term
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Definition
| Acids containing an amine group, e.g. GABA (inhibitory), glycine, glutamate (excitatory), and aspertate |
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Term
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Definition
| Amino acids, monoamines, peptides (chains of amino acids), purines, and gases |
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Term
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Definition
| Chains of amino acids, little proteins e.g. endorphines |
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Term
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Definition
| Modified amino acid, NH2 has been replaced by N(CH)3 group |
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Term
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Definition
| Two categories: catecholamines and indolamines e.g. seretonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. |
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| Two types of electrical charges |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Increase the surface area available for synapses |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which graded potentials add together |
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Term
| Points where forces are balanced? |
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Definition
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Term
| When the action potential reaches the pre-synaptic terminal what happens? |
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Definition
| It allows calcium (positive) to enter the cell, which causes the transmitter to release from the terminals into the cleft |
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Term
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Definition
| A category of chemicals including ATP and adenosine |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the only neurotransmitters that aren't amino acids. It is released by small local neurons and dilates the blood vessels in the area thereby increasing blood flow in the area. |
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Term
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Definition
| Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine |
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Term
| Negative Feedback (retrograde transmission) |
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Definition
| Post-synaptic cell releases retrograde transmitter to slow further neurotransmitter release from the pre-synaptic terminal |
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Term
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Definition
| Responds to the retrograde neurotransmitter to slow further release of NT, some drugs function as this |
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Term
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Definition
| Ion channels open by NT, happens very quickly, but doesn't last as long as metabotropic. |
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Term
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Definition
| A neurotransmitter activates a second messenger inside the postsynaptic cell, leading to slower but longer lasting changes |
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Term
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Definition
| By working on the synapses of cells that subserve a particular function. |
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Term
| Ontogenetic explanation of behavior |
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Definition
| Nature & nurture e.g. people are prone to schizophrenia, but it becomes active due to an environmental change |
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Term
| Evolutionary explanation to behavior |
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Definition
| Only occurs because it was inherited from ancestors |
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Term
| Functional explanation of behavior |
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Definition
| Behavior occurs b/c it accomplishes the goal of reproduction, beneficial to survival and procreation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypothalamus, pituitary (anterior and posterior), adrenal, and gonads |
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Term
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Definition
| Composed of neural tissue, can be seen as an extension of the hypothalamus |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Synthesizes 6 hormones although the hypothalamus controls their release |
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Term
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Definition
| Anatomical areas that are identified by their transmitter and/or receptor, not just by their location e.g. dopaminergic is remembered as dopamine |
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Term
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Definition
| a collection of anatomical areas which together subserve a specific function |
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Definition
| Cancels Excitatory inputs (only if its a small input) by the potassium going out canceling the sodium coming in, which literally makes the cell more negative |
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Term
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Definition
| Modified amino acid affecting muscle and memory |
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Term
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Definition
| Serotonin (type of monoamines) |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in diet and helps synthesize dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine, which are all catecholamines |
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Definition
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Term
| Biochemically defined functional neural system |
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Definition
| Functional system defined by the chemicals it uses e.g. dopamine system for rewards |
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