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| Neural pathways that coordinate brain activity through a single neurotransmitter; cell bodies are located in a nucleus in the brainstem and axons are distributed through a wide region of the brain |
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| Degenerative brain disorder; first appears as progressive memory loss and later develops into generalized dementia |
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| linkage of two or more unrelated stimuli to elicit a behavioral response |
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| "Self-receptor" in a neural membrane that responds to the transmitter that neuron releases |
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| acts as a neurotransmitter gas in the activation of cellular metabolism |
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| junction where messenger molecules are released when stimulated by an action potential |
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| neuron that uses acetylcholine as its main neurotransmitter |
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| amine neurotransmitter that plays a role in coordinating movement, in attention and learning, and in behaviors that are reinforcing |
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| fused presynaptic and postsynaptic membrane that allows an action potential to pass directly from one neuron to the next |
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| epinephrine (EP) adrenaline |
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| Chemical messenger that acts as a hormone to mobilize the body for fight or flight during times of stress and as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system |
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| gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) |
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Definition
| amino acid neurotransmitter that inhibits neurons |
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| amino acid neurotransmitter that excites neurons |
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| family of guanyl nucleotide-binding proteins coupled to metabotropic receptors that, when activated, bind to other proteins |
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| learning behavior in which a response to a stimulus weakens with repeated stimulus presentations |
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| embedded membrane protein with two parts: a binding site for a neurotransmitter and a pore that regulates ion flow to directly and rapidly change membrane voltage |
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| relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience |
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| long term potentiation LTP |
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Definition
| in response to stimulation at a synapse, changed amplitude of an excitatory postsynaptic potential that lasts for hours to days or longer and plays a part in associative learning |
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Definition
| embedded membrane protein, with a binding site for a neurotransmitter but no pore, linked to a G protein that can affect other receptors or act with second messengers to affect other cellular processes |
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| a multifunctional chain of amino acids that acts as a neurotransmitter; synthesized from mRNA on instructions from the cell's DNA |
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| the nervous system's potential for neurophysical or neurochemical change that enhances its adaptability to environmental change and its ability to compensate for injury |
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Definition
| chemical released by a neuron onto a target with an excitatory or inhibitory effect |
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| nicotinic A Ch receptor (nAChr) |
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Definition
| Ionotropic receptor at which acetylcholine and the drug nicotine act as ligands to activate the flow of ions through the receptor pore |
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Definition
| acts as a chemical neurotransmitter gas- for example, to dilate blood vessels, aid digestion, and activate cellular metabolism |
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| from adrenaline, a neuron containing norepinephrine |
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| neurotransmitter found in the brain and in the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system |
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| obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) |
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| behavioral disorder characterized by compulsively repeated acts (such as hand washing) and repetitive, often unpleasant, thoughts (obsessions) |
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| membrane on the transmitter-input side of a synapse |
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| membrane on the transmitter-output side of a synapse |
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| quantity, equivalent to the contents of a single synaptic vesicle, that produces a just observable change in postsynaptic electric potential |
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Definition
| any enzyme that is in limited supply, thus restricting the pace at which a chemical can be synthesized |
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| deactivation of a neurotransmitter when membrane transporter proteins bring the transmitter back into the presynaptic axon terminal for subsequent reuse |
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| behavioral disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, blunted emotion, agitation or immobility, and a host of associated symptoms |
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| activated by a neurotransmitter (the first messenger), a chemical that carries a message to initiate a biochemical process |
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| learning behavior in which the response to a stimulus strengthens with repeated presentations of that stimulus because the stimulus is novel or because the stimulus is stronger than normal- for example, after habituation has occurred |
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| small molecule transmitters |
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Definition
| class of quick-acting neurotransmitters synthesized in the axon terminal from products derived from the diet |
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| membranous compartment that holds several vesicles containing a neurotransmitter |
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| gap taht separates the presynaptic membrane from the postsynaptic membrane |
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| organelle consisting of a membrane structure that encloses a quantum of neurotransmitter |
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| transmitter activated receptor |
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Definition
| protein embedded in the membrane of a cell that has a binding site for a specific neurotransmitter |
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| protein molecule that pumps substances across a membrane |
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