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Definition
| The transfer of genetic information to an organism to introduce a desirable trait |
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| Genetically Modified Organism |
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Definition
Herbicide Tolerance
Pesticides in Plants
Altering Quality of Food
Stress Tolerance |
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Definition
Transgenic Mice
BioSteel
Transgenic Salmon |
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Definition
Insulin and other Drugs
Vaccines
Gene Therapy |
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| Physical appearance of an organism--physical traits |
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| Genetic makeup of an individual that determines the phenotype. Found in chromosomes |
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| Deoxyribonucleic Acid - The chemical structure of a gene |
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| Region of the chromosome which carries the information for one trait |
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| Difference between Natural and Artificial Selection |
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Definition
| Natural Selection only breeds with one species, Artificial Selection can cross-breed with other species. |
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Definition
| Sexually reproductive organisms have 2 sets of chromosomes, called a ________. |
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| Found in the nuclei of cells |
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Simplest form of life
Bacteria Cyanobacteria
Lack complexity of Eukaryotes |
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Organized and complex
Contain organelles, a membrane bound structure, including mitochondria, nucleus and chloroplasts |
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| All cells contain the same genetic information |
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| Cells with a fate not yet determined that can be manipulated |
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Definition
| Development of a cell into a specific cell type |
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Definition
| Activation of certain genes results in __________. |
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Process by which cells divide
Chromosomes are duplicated and passed on to daughter cells. |
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| Process by which cells divide to form gametes |
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Definition
Sperm and Egg
Contain half the number of chromosomes |
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Definition
| During __________, the full complement of genetic material is restored. |
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Definition
| Sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base |
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| When one strand of DNA is retained when copied |
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| Messenger RNA, carries information from DNA to cytoplasm for translation into protein -- single stranded |
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Definition
| Transfer of information from DNA to mRNA |
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Definition
| Non-coding regions, spliced out during transcription |
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Definition
| Coding regions, bind together during transcription |
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Definition
| Transfer RNA, Synthesis of protein |
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Definition
Synthesis of protein via tRNA
Occurs in cytoplasm at ribosomes |
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Definition
| Three base pairs that code for one amino acid |
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| Added for recognition by ribosomes |
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| ____________ from the nucleus to the cytoplasm |
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| Determines whether a gene is activated |
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Definition
| Regions of DNA to which trans factors bind. |
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Definition
| Code for trans factors that activate other genes. |
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Definition
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| Steps to Transform an Organism |
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Definition
1) Find your Gene of Interest
2) Make a Library
3) Make a lot of copies of your gene -- cloning
4) Insert it into genome of organism
5) Determine if gene is functional
6) Regenerate organism |
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Term
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Definition
| Collection of fragments of genome |
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Definition
1) Cut DNA with sticky ends
2) Cut DNA into a lot of pieces
3) Insert pieces into plasmids
4) Insert plasmids into bacteria
5) Grow bacteria and multiply fragments
6) Probe cloned fragments to find your gene |
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Definition
| Viral enzyme makes DNA from RNA called cDNA |
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Definition
| Small circular DNA which are transferred during conjugation-genetic recombination |
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Definition
| Used to identify recombinant colonies |
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Definition
| Polymerase Chain Reaction - Uses a special DNA polymerase which works at high temperatures to multiply DNA quickly without bacteria. No selection needed. |
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Term
| Agrobacterium Tumefaciens |
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Definition
| Pathogenic bacterium that infects plant tissue and induces tumors; Incorporates portions of its genome into the plant genome, which causes uncontrolled growth of infected cells; non-virulent strains can be inserted into gene along with reporter gene. |
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Definition
| Introduce genes into mature organisms to cure genetic diseases; has limited success |
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| Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disorder (SCID) |
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Definition
| First test case of gene therapy in 1991; Genetic disease, improper production of white blood cells and don't produce proper enzymes to produce antibodies |
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Definition
| Cells which are not passed on to the next generation |
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Definition
| Cells that produce gametes |
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| Insert or remove gene at embryonic stage, aka stem cells. Potential treatment for cystic fibrosis and muscular dystrophy. |
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Definition
| Genes inserted into viruses to make them less lethal can be refined to a point where one isn't injected with a virus at all, but it still somehow triggers the immune system by creating some sort of antibody. |
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Definition
| Useful for third world countries that don't have easy access to injection vaccines. Incorporates protein to induce immune response in bananas and potatoes, helps vaccinate against Hepatitis B and Cholera. |
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Definition
| Transgenic Pigs to produce organs which are less likely to be rejected as transplants |
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| Cell Transplantation Therapy |
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Definition
| Similar to gene therapy, just related to stem cells. Can help cure spinal cord injury and Parkinson's. |
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Definition
| Bred to be sterile to control bug populations. |
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| Engineered for increase in beta-carotene, converted in body to Vitamin-A. Helps improve eye sight, |
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| Understanding nutrition at the genetic/molecular level. |
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| Bacterium thurigiensis - Bacteria that infects insects |
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| Insecticidal proteins produced by some plants. |
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| Protein from egg whites used to stop storage pests. |
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| Genetic material that insert themselves into into cells |
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Definition
| Escape of (genetically modified) genes into wild populations |
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| FDA (Food and Drug Administration) |
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Definition
| Regulates the safety of food and food ingredients. A GMO rendered "substantially equivalent" to the existing crop except for its transgene does not require rigorous testing. |
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| EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) |
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Definition
| Evaluates effects of pest- and herbicide resistant GMOs on environment. |
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| USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) |
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Definition
| Checks the safety of growing GMOs to learn, for example, whether the transferred genes are stable and whether the GMO might become a pest. |
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