organic molecules - contain C and H

4 main classes:

carbohydrates

lipids

proteins

nucleic acids

biomolecule made of one or more sugars

Monomer: monosaccharide

Polymer: polysaccharide

Bonds: glycosidic linkage

Chemical groups: monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides

energy

structural roles

communication (recognition)

single sugars

Structure: CH₂O, 1 carbonyl group, multiple hydroxyl groups

covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides

formed by dehydration rxn

Sugar polymers

structure and function determined by type of monomer and locations of bonds

storage polysaccharide in plants

branched structure

1-4 linkage of β glucose

storage polysaccharide in animals

highly branched

1-4 linkage of α glucose between glucose, 1-6 linkage of α glucose between first flucose of new branch and glucose on stem chain

biomolecule that does not consist of polymers

hydrophobic

fats and oils

Funtions: energy, insulation/protection

Structure: 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids

Saturated: saturated with H, no C=C

Unsaturated: not saturated with H, one or more C=C;

Trans (un): hydrogens are on opposite sides of C=C, straight

Cis (un): hydrogens are on same sides of C=C, kinked

Function: membrane structure (phospholipid bilayer)

Structure: glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group

Amphipathic

Function: membrane structure, communication (hormones)

Structure: Carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings

Functions: store, transmit and help express genetic information

Stucture: made of nucleotides

Types: DNA, RNA

monomer subunit of nucleic acids

Structure: pentose sugar, nitrogenous base, 1+ phosphate groups

contain N

Pyrimidines and purines

small structure, 1 ring

CUT

big structure, 2 ring structures fused together

AG

covalent bonds between adjacent nucleotides formed by a dehydration rxn

between 3' -OH and 5' -OPO_3^2-

polar/directional (two ends are different)

5C sugar backbone

nitrogenous bases appendages

2 antiparallel strands

double helix

complimentary base pairings: A-T, G-C

single-stranded

Complimentary base pairing: A-U, G-C

Proteins

Function: enzymes, defensive proteins, storage proteins, transport proteins, hormal proteins, receptor, movement

Structure: built from amino acids

Chemical groups: amino, carboxyl

Amino Acid

20 different, categorize based on side chains

made of amino, carboxyl and r (side chain) groups

Charged (5) - ionic bonds, GALAH

Polar (5) - H-bonds, STTAG

Non-Polar (9) - hydrophobic exclusion, VDW, VPPLGIATM

Special - cysteine

covalent bond between amino acids formed by dehydration rxn

between -NH₂ and -COOH

Polypeptide: polymer of amino acids

Protein: one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific functional conformation

Amino Acid Polymers

Polar/directional: N-terminus amino group, C-terminus Carboxyl group

Backbone: NCC

unique sequence of amino acids

peptide bonds

localized folding or coiling into specific patterns

due to H-bonding between parts of the backbone

the full 3D organization of the polypeptide

due to interactions between R groups

Interactions: ionic bond, disulphide ridge, hydrophobic exclusion, H-bond

overall protein structure that results from the interaction of multiple polypeptides

all types of bonds