Term
Defining Death Traditional Definition |
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Definition
No respiration, pulse, heartbeat. |
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Term
Defining Death Persistent Vegetative State |
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Definition
Cerebral cortex suffers permanent, irreversible damage-stem functions- involuntary movements (yawn, grimace). Awake, not aware, up to 20 years at $30,000 per year. |
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Term
Defining Death Whole-Brain Definition |
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Definition
Integrated system of heart, lungs, brain cease function. Argument: widely accepted as clear, legal definition of death. |
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Term
Defining Death Higher Brain Definition |
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Definition
Cerebrum ceases functioning- thoughts & feelings, pain & emotions cease to function. Argument: breathing body is not a person- personhood ends |
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Term
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Definition
Ability to perform a task- requires decision-making ability. |
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Term
Arras Capacities Needed for Competence |
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Definition
- communication & understanding- capacity to recieve and process info, cognitive and communicative abilities, ability to understand alternatives and future consequences
- Reasoning & Deliberation- capacity to draw inferences, compare alt. outcomes, employ probableistic reasoning--ability to make decisions relative to a reasonably consistent and stable set of values.
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Term
Arras Possible Criteria for Deciding for Others |
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Definition
- what would patient say if he/she were able to communicate?
- Prior Values
- Evidentiary Behavior (pulling out tube)
- Best Interest Standard
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Term
Arras Criteria for Persistive Vegetative State |
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Definition
Patient can't feel pleasure or pain anymore, no hope of life's good in the future, no interests, cannot be benefited or harmed. |
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Term
Arras Critique for Marginally Functional Patient |
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Definition
- depends on cognitive impairment, experiences some of life's pains and pleasures--not competent enough to make health care decisions- life-sustaining treatment is in the patient's best interest.
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Term
Vatican Definition of Human Person |
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Definition
Unified totality of corporeal and spiritual. |
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Term
Vatican Respect for Human Embryos |
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Definition
Fruit of human generation--from first moment demands unconditional respect due to a human. No: experimentation, freezing, alternation, or commercial trafficking. |
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Term
Vatican 2 Meanings of Conjugal Act |
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Definition
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Term
Vatican 3 Reasons Why in Vitro is Not Permissible |
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Definition
- Never permissible to separate 2 aspects of conjugal act.
- Contraception is not permissible.
- Not permissible as substitute for conjugal act.
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Term
Macklin Paying for Egg Donation & Surrogacy |
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Definition
$ is for time, inconvenience, not for egg or baby. Paying for time & risk is ok, paying for product is not. |
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Term
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Definition
People are paid for the product, not time or risk. |
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Term
Macklin Determining Whether Exploitation has Occurred |
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Definition
Exploitation occurs if too little or too much $$ is offered. |
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Term
Macklin Narrow Interpretation of Respect for Persons |
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Definition
If autonomy is preserved, person is respected. |
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Term
Macklin Broad Interpretation of Respect for Persons |
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Definition
Humans are uniquely valuable- so respect is required. |
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Term
Macklin Is it ethical to pay donors? |
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Definition
By Narrow Perspective- yes, as long as autonomy is respected By Broad Perspective- Principle of respect for humans is violated. |
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Term
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Definition
Commodification of human beings for any purpose is unsavory and ought to be avoided. Yet, unsavoriness is not a moral category, so prohibition is not justified. |
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Term
Steinbock The Interest View |
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Definition
A being can have interests only if it can matter to the being what is being done to it. If nothing at all can possibly matter, it has no interests. Sentience is necessary for moral standing. Embryos have no interests, rights, welfare of their own. |
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Term
Steinbock Respect for Embryos as Symbols |
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Definition
Disrespectful to create embryos for crassly commercial purposes. |
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Term
Steinbock Dead Body Analogy |
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Definition
Has no moral standing, still holds value to us. |
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Term
AMA 3 Criteria for Manipulation of Benign Traits |
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Definition
- Genetic manipulation would have clear & meaningful benefit to the child
- No trade-off with other characteristics or traits
- All citizens must have equal accessto genetic technology
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Term
AMA Defenses of Prenatal Testing |
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Definition
- reproductive choice--allows for chance to have babies w/ no genetic disorder
- elimination of disease
- early detetion-prepare for birth
- improvement (intellectually, physically)
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Term
AMA 4 Objections to Prenatal Testing (1&2) |
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Definition
- Judicious use of social resources to improve health- benefits must benefit and burden everybody equally.
- Potential for discriminatory practices
- misinterpretation of data may lead to elimination of people from gene pool
- use of selection to pursue traits that shouldn't matter--gender, diseases.
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Term
AMA 4 Objections to Prenatal Testing (3&4) |
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Definition
3. Eugenics- improvement of hereditary qualities or traits through genetic selection (improvement not defined) --> slippery slope may lead to alternation of humanity- richer becoming healthier 4. Treating children as products--consumerist view of reproduction--fetuses treated as products rather than autonomous beings. |
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Term
AMA Four Criteria for Permissibility of Genetic Selection |
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Definition
- Financial Cost- individual vs. society
- Pain & Suffering (outweighs joy?)
- Life Span
- Quality of Life (mobility, interaction, communication, interests)
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Term
AMA Devaluing of People with Conditions |
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Definition
- Shouldn't have been born --unfit to be a human.
- Research/resources for treatin, curing, caring fur condition reduced.
- Elimination of certain groups (deaf, blind, etc.)
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Term
Eddy Individual vs. Society |
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Definition
conflict arises when individual uses disproportionate amount of health care services without paying for it. |
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Term
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Definition
Spread high cost of health care through insurance, medicaid, medicare, HMOs, charities. Ideally each individual draws only his/her fair share. |
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Term
Eddy Public Health Perspective (1st Position) |
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Definition
Looking at the problem with no disease, resources should be used efficiently- preventative and early care should be given. |
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Term
Eddy Patient's Perspective (2nd Perspective) & Problems |
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Definition
Treat specific diseases--use resources to optimize patient's care. Problems--> difficult todetermine when patient gets disproportionate amounts of $ |
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Term
Ryan
Critique of Symbols argument |
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Definition
| Respect for things that have no rights is cultural and not always followed. |
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Term
Ryan
Creation of Embryos for Reproduction vs. Research |
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Definition
| Separates embryos from human ideal for procreation. |
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