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Biomechs II Exam II
Dr. Lee Waite course
63
Biology
Undergraduate 1
01/24/2013

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Cards

Term
Froude number
Definition
ratio of a body's inertia to gravitational forces; used to determine the resistance of a partially submerged object moving through water;

Fr = velocity/sqrt(gravity*characteristic length)
Term
PAN I vs. PAN II
Definition
BAC rising, BAC falling
Term
Reynolds number
Definition
ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces and consequently quantifies the relative importance of these two types of forces for given flow conditions

Re = density*velcity*length/dynamic viscosity
Term
abduction
Definition
of foot, away from body center
Term
active drag
Definition
additional drag due to swimming movements
Term
adduction
Definition
of foot, toward body center
Term
angle joints
Definition
talocrural, inferior tibiofibular, subtalar
Term
ankle angle
Definition

angle C

 

[image]

Term
ankle joint bones
Definition
tibia, fibula, talus, calcaneus
Term
bias (research studies)
Definition
systematic favoritism present in data collection; selection, detection, interviewer
Term
calcaneus
Definition
heel bone
Term
chord length (alpine skiing)
Definition
tail of ski to tip of ski
Term
concentric
Definition
muscles shorten while generating force
Term
confounding (research studies)
Definition
extraneous variable in a statistical model that correlates (positively or negatively) with both the dependent variable and the independent variable
Term
contact length (alpine skiing)
Definition
length between the two contact points when no weight is on ski
Term
crista ampullaris (anterior, horizontalis, posterior)
Definition
detects angular acceleration; sensory organ of rotation located in the semicircular canal of the inner ear;
Term
cushioning
Definition
phase in running after foot strike and before extension
Term
cutaneous mechanoreceptors
Definition
located in the skin; allow us to feel
Term
distance running
Definition
running at a pace of 4.5 to 6 m/s
Term
dorsiflexion
Definition
of foot, move up
Term
eccentric
Definition
muscle elongates while under tension due to an opposing force greater than the muscle can generate
Term
eversion
Definition
of the foot, turning the sole out
Term
extension phase
Definition
phase of running after cushioning and before toe off
Term
gastrocnemius
Definition
runs from its two heads just above the knee to the heel; plantar flexing the foot at the ankle joint and flexing the leg at the knee joint; calf muscle
Term
golgi tendon organs
Definition
proprioceptive sensory receptor organ that is located at the origins and insertion[1] of skeletal muscle fibers into the tendons of skeletal muscle
Term
hair cells
Definition
sensory receptors of both the auditory system and the vestibular system in all vertebrates
Term
heel strike
Definition
phase in running after after the swing phase and before cushioning
Term
inferior tibiofibular joint
Definition
formed by medial, distal fibula and lateral, distal side of tibia; SYNDESMOSIS
Term
inversion
Definition
of the foot, turning the sole in
Term
kinematics
Definition
branch of mechanics dealing with the geometry of motion without regard to forces
Term
kinetoses
Definition
disagreement exists between visually perceived movement and the vestibular system's sense of movement
Term
knee angle
Definition

Angle B

 

[image]

 

Term
lateral inhibition
Definition
capacity of an excited neuron to reduce the activity of its neighbors
Term
muscle spindles
Definition
sensory receptors within the belly of a muscle, which primarily detect changes in the length of this muscle; help maintain posture and position of the body and extremities
Term
nystagmus
Definition
condition of voluntary[1] or involuntary eye movement
Term
passive drag
Definition
for an object only being towed through fluid
Term
plantar flexion
Definition
of foot, move down
Term
positional alcohol nystagmus (PAN)
Definition
nystagmus due to alcohol
Term
posturography
Definition
techniques used to quantify postural control in upright stance in either static or dynamic conditions
Term
pronation
Definition
of foot, horizontal abduction (frontal plane, plantar flexion (saggital plane), eversion (transverse plane)
Term
proprioceptive
Definition
sense of the relative position of neighbouring parts of the body and strength of effort being employed in movement
Term
prospective study (dis)advantages
Definition
pro: less error and confounding

con: more time and people necessary
Term
receptor in knee-jerk reflex
Definition
muscle spindle in quadriceps
Term
retrospective study (dis)advantages
Definition
pro: efficient

con: bias and hidden causes
Term
rocker (alpine skiing)
Definition
moves contact point of tip closer to midpoint of ski
Term
running economy
Definition
measure of how efficiently a person uses oxygen while running at a given pace
Term
saccule
Definition
sensitive to linear translations of the head, specifically movements up and down
Term
shovel width (alpine skiing)
Definition
width of widest point just beyond tip of ski
Term
side cut (alpine skiing)
Definition
gap between if the ski were parallel down the length and the skinniest point of ski
Term
side radius (alpine skiing)
Definition
radius of the curve on side of ski; determines radius of turn that can be made
Term
step length
Definition
distance from one foot contact to the next contact of the opposite foot
Term
stride length
Definition
distance from one foot contact to the next contact of the same foot
Term
subtalar joint
Definition
talus rests on and articulates with the calcaneus; SYNOVIAL JOINT,
Term
supination
Definition
of the foot, horizontal adduction (frontal plane), dorsiflexion (saggital), inversion (transverse plane)
Term
swimming efficiency
Definition
combination of mechanical and metabolic efficiency; P = active drag * velocity
Term
tail width (alpine skiing)
Definition
thickest point of tail on ski
Term
talocrural joint
Definition
hinge type synovial joint; tibia, fibula, talus; "two articulations"
Term
talus
Definition
ankle bone
Term
thigh angle
Definition

Angle A with respect to vertical

 

[image]

 

true hip angle is wrt trunk

Term
toe-off
Definition
phase of running after extension and before the swing phase
Term
type of muscles and receptors for proprioception
Definition
muscle spindles, cutaneous mechanoreceptors, golgi tendon organs
Term
utricle
Definition
detects linear motion, specifically horizontal movement
Term
vestibuloocular reflex
Definition
reflex eye movement that stabilizes images on the retina during head movement by producing an eye movement in the direction opposite to head movement
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