Term
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Definition
| decreasing the angle of the joint (bending at the elbow, shoulders, wrist, hip, knee, trunk – folding, fingers) |
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Term
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Definition
| increasing the angle of the joint back |
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Term
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Definition
| (shoulder + hip only) away from midline of body |
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Term
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Definition
| back towards the midline of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| rotate towards the midline |
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Term
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Definition
| rotate away from the midline |
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Term
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Definition
| airplane arms move toward the midline, bench press up |
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Term
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Definition
| arms move back to airplane stance, bench press back down |
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Term
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Definition
| (trunk only) bending left and right |
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Term
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Definition
| (trunk only) rotating either left or right |
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Term
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Definition
| (wrist only) wave towards thumb side |
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Term
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Definition
| (wrist only) wave toward the pinky side |
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Term
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Definition
| (forearm only) pour out the soup, rotate toward midline |
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Term
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Definition
| (forearm only) rotate back, soup in hand |
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Term
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Definition
| (ankle only) foot move away from shin, increase angle |
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Term
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Definition
| (ankle only) foot moves towards the shin, decrease angle |
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Term
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Definition
| rolling your ankle toward the inside, like sprained ankle |
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Term
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Definition
| rolling your ankle to the outside, like sprained ankle |
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Term
| Where do you get body of knowledge |
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Definition
| Non-research and research |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| replaces physical education |
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Term
| Academy of physical education changed to academy of kinesiology and physical education |
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Definition
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Term
| kinesiology academy changed to biomechanics academy |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cuts body in half separating the front and back |
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Term
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Definition
| cuts body in half separating the left and right |
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Term
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Definition
| cuts the body in half separating the top from the bottom |
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Term
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Definition
| runs on the sagittal plane |
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Term
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Definition
| runs on the frontal plane |
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Term
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Definition
| runs on the transverse plane |
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Term
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Definition
| support weight,muscle attachments, mechanical advantage, protection, store minerals,and make blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
| (large movements) arms, legs, clavicle, metatarsals, metacarpals, phalanges |
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Term
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Definition
| (direct forces) carpels, tarsals |
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Term
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Definition
| (protection, RBC) sternum, scapula, ribs, pelvis, patella |
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Term
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Definition
| (many roles) spine, sacrum |
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Term
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Definition
| a rounded projection that articulates with another bone |
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Term
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Definition
| a rounded projection near the ends of a long bone but lateral to the axis and not necessarily a part of the articulation |
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Term
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Definition
| a small, smooth, and usually flat articular surface |
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Term
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Definition
| a hole, usually for nerves or vessels to pass through |
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Term
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Definition
| a hollow depression or pit |
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Term
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Definition
| a smaller hollow depression or pit |
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Term
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Definition
| the spherical articular end of the long bone |
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Term
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Definition
| a raised line or small ridge |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the bone that connects the head to the shaft |
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Term
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Definition
| an indention on the border or edge of the bone |
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Term
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Definition
| a projecting part of the bone |
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Term
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Definition
| a sharp projection of the bone |
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Term
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Definition
| a large, knobby projection |
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Term
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Definition
| a small, knobby projection |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| less than 30% space between mineralization |
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Term
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Definition
| more than 30 percent, adds strength without weight, inner most part of bones, ends of long bones |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| no space, ligaments (little movement), sutured (skull, pelvis), cartilage (pubic area) |
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Term
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Definition
| synovial membrane, synovial fluid, cartilage covers end of bones (hyaline), ligaments |
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Term
| diarthrosis types (carpels, tarsal, facets of vertebrae) |
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Definition
| classified by # axes and how bones articulate, irregular/gliding/plane - non-axial, curved/smooth,irregular shaped articulation |
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Term
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Definition
| one axis, concave and convex, flex/extend, elbow |
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Term
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Definition
| one axis, rotation, atlas/axis, radius/ulna |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 axes, flex/extend, abduction/adduction, circumduction, wrist (radius/carpel), knuckle (metacarpal/phalanges) |
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Term
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Definition
| saddle shape - concave and convex each bone, modified condyloid, thumb |
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Term
| (diarthrosis) ball and socket |
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Definition
| 3 axes, free movement in all directions, shoulder and hip |
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Term
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Definition
| resist displacement, (shear or traction), as more movement allowed it sacrifices stability |
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Term
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Definition
| cartilage is not static through the ROM, the bones roll and glide through the ROM |
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Term
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Definition
| ***bone shape*** (articular cartilage improves the fit), ligaments, muscle tension, fascia, atmospheric pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| less stability, angle of pull compromised, high tension and pressures in joint |
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Term
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Definition
| pressing or squeezing force directed axially through the body, trabecula is number 1 factor to help resist against |
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Term
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Definition
| pulling, bending, or stretching force directed axially through the body |
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Term
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Definition
| applied force tends to slide the molecules across each other (causes many injuries) |
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Term
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Definition
| compression on the articular surfaces on one side, tension on ligaments and tendon/muscle on the opposite side |
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Term
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Definition
| ligaments are strong, flexible, stress-resistant,somewhat elastic, fibrous tissues that form bands or cords, help maintain relationship of bones, once stretched, their function is affected, viscoelactic |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle that span joints aid in stability, especially when bony structure contributes little to stability |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of fibrous connective tissue, may form thin membranes or tough, fibrous sheets, intense or prolonged stress ,ay cause permanent stretch (EX. - thick skin covering knee joint) |
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Term
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Definition
| same as stability, age, gender, exercise habits |
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Term
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Definition
| can be too flexible, not enough, muscle tendon flexibility affect most |
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Term
| extensibility and elasticity |
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Definition
| enable the muscle to be stretched, and return to normal length |
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Term
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Definition
| continuations of muscles connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to respond to stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to shorten and produce tension |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of myofibrils held together by sarcolemma, which can propagate nerve impulses |
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Term
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Definition
| arranged in parallel formation which create alternating dark and light bands, each fiber enclosed by ***endomysium |
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Term
| (myofilaments) actin and myosin |
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Definition
| when stimulated, slide past each othr |
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Term
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Definition
| projections (heads) of myosin attach to actin |
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Term
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Definition
| functional contractile unit of skeletal muscle, myofibril between two Z lines |
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Term
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Definition
| fasciculus (bundle of fibers) enclosed by ***perimysium, group of bundles encased within ***epimysium |
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Term
| slow and fast twitch fibers |
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Definition
| 2 major categories pertinent for kinesiology, most muscles contain equal distribution of each, posture muscles contain more slow twitch fiber |
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Term
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Definition
| large, pale, and less blood supply than slow twitch, intense responses over short period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| small, red, and have a rich blood supply, and greater myoglobin, highly sufficient, dont fatigue easily, long duration, posture and endurance events |
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Term
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Definition
| attach to bone by connective tissue, which continues beyond the muscle belly to form a tendon |
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Term
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Definition
| muscles attached to bone not moving, usually more proximal (closer to trunck - more stable), usually stabilized by other muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| attached to moving bone, usually more distal (further from the trunk - move more) |
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Term
| contraction (origin and insertion) |
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Definition
| produces equal force on the 2 attachments |
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Term
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Definition
| when distal bone is stabilized and proximal bone moves |
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Term
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Definition
| long, strap like muscle with fibers in parallel to its long axis, sartorius, good for ROM, strength muscles tend to be shorter (pennate) not parallel to connective tissue |
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Term
| quadrate or quadrilateral |
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Definition
| four sided and usually flat, consist of parallel fibers, rhomboids |
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Term
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Definition
| fibers radiate from a narrow attachment at one end to a broad attachment at the other, pectoralis major, several angles of pull |
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Term
| fusiform or spindle-shaped |
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Definition
| rounded muscle that tapers at either end, brachioradialis, larger CSA |
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Term
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Definition
| a series of short, parallel, feather like fibers extends diagonally from side of a tendon, tibialis posterior |
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Term
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Definition
| a long central tendon with fibers extending diagonally in pairs from either side of the tendon |
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Term
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Definition
| several tendons are present with fibers running diagonally between them, middle deltoid |
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Term
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Definition
| fibers can be few centimeters to half a meter, longer has more sarcomeres in series, sum of sarcomere shortening determines amount of shortening (joint ROM), muscle shortens about half of its resting length |
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Term
| effect of muscle structure on force |
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Definition
| a broad, thick, longitudinal muscle exerts more force than thin, a penniform muscle of the same thickness can exert greater force |
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Term
| effect of muscle structure on ROM |
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Definition
| long muscles with fibers longitudinally arranges along the long axis, can exert force over a longer distance, pennate muscles with short fibers can exert superior force through short range |
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Term
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Definition
| surgeons replace paralyzed muscles to improve movement, must be similar length and insertion position |
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Term
| skeletal muscle function (line of pull) |
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Definition
| movement that the contracting muscle produces is determined by two factors - type of joint that it spans, relation of the muscles line of pull to the joint |
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Term
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Definition
| pectoralis major (clavicular) is primarily a flexor, but is also adducts the humerus, when abducted, line of pull moves axis of rotation and contributes to abduction of humerus |
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Term
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Definition
| if very shallow, most of the tension will produce a force pulling along the bone, will tend to stabilize joint |
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Term
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Definition
| means to "draw together", occurs whenever muscle fibers generate tension which may occur while muscle is shortening, remaining same length, or lengthening, |
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Term
| concentric (shortening contraction) |
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Definition
| when tension by muscle is sufficient to overcome a resistance and move the body segment |
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Term
| essentric (lengthening contraction) |
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Definition
| when muscle slowly lengthening as it gives external force thay is greater than the contractile force it is exerting, muscle is acting as a "brake" |
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Term
| isometric (static contraction) |
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Definition
| means equal length, tension of the muscle without any appreciable change in length,occurs under two conditions - 1. antagoistic muscles contract with equal strength, 2. muscle is held against another force |
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Term
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Definition
| means "equal Tension" and the tension remains constant while muscle shortens or lengthens |
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Term
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Definition
| means "equal or same motion", maximum muscle effort at the same speed, "accommodating resistance" |
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Term
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Definition
| horizontal motion is not affected by gravity, lifting against gravity is a concentric contraction of the agonist, slower lowering with gravity is an eccentric contraction of the same muscle |
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Term
| length-tension relationship |
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Definition
| optimum length is the length at which a muscle can exert maximum tension, slightly greater then resting length, at rest if no stretch |
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Term
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Definition
| right handed research, chronic right foot lean, stretch hip abductors and left low back, strongest in slight adduction, weaker near end of abduction, significant for physical therapist and AT |
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Term
| force-velocity relationship |
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Definition
| as speed of contraction increases, the force it is able to exert decreases, at maximum velocity of contraction the load is zero |
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Term
| stored elastic capabilities |
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Definition
| when concentric contraction is preceded by a phase of active stretching, elastic energy, stored in the stretch phase, is available for use in the contractile phase |
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Term
| coordination of the muscular system (movements) |
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Definition
| considerable muscular activity in addition to those muscles directly responsible for the movement itself, muscles causing the movement must have a stable base, bones not engaged must be stabilized by other muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| directly responsible for producing a movement |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cooperative muscle function, stabilizing, fixator, support muscles |
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Term
| synergists (neutralizers) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| have an effect opposite of the movers, or agonists, ballistic movements, must relax to permit movement, second it acts as a brake at completion of movement |
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Term
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Definition
| the simultaneous contraction of movers and antagonists, neutralizers and stabilizers may need to cocontract to counteract an additional function of a mover |
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Term
| action of bi-articular muscles |
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Definition
| muscles that pass over and act on 2 joints, not long enough to permit movement in both joints at same time, allow efficient movement |
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Term
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Definition
| SPURT - origin is further from the joint than its insertion, acts to rotate the moving bone, SHUNT - origin is nearer the joint than its insertion, angle of pull is small, act mainly to provide stabilization |
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Term
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Definition
| simultaneous flexion or extension of the hip and knee joints |
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Term
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Definition
| one muscle shortens rapidly at both joints, its antagonists lengthens correspondingly and thereby gains tension at both ends |
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Term
| bodily movements (passive) |
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Definition
| no effort on the part of the person involved |
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Term
| bodily movements (active) |
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Definition
| movement is produced by the subjects own muscular activity, in slow movements muscular tension is maintained throughout ROM, rapid movements could maintain ROM but its an inefficient way of performing |
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Term
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Definition
| movements that are initiated by vigorous contraction and completed by momentum - EX. throwing, striking, kicking, early stages should concentrate on form rather then accuracy |
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Term
| terminating ballistic movements |
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Definition
| 1. counteracting antagonistic muscles - EX. forehand drive in tennis, 2. allowing moving part to reach limit of motion, stopped by passive resistance of ligaments - EX. throwing motion, 3. interference of an obstacle - EX. chopping wood |
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Term
| methods of studying the action of muscles (conjecture and reasoning) |
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Definition
| using knowledge of location and attachments, and nature of joints, one can deduce a muscles action, muscle attachments ans line of pull determine possible movements |
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Term
| methods of studying the action of muscles (dissection) |
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Definition
| meaningful basis for visualization of muscles potential movements |
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Term
| methods of studying the action of muscles (inspection and palpation) |
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Definition
| valuable method for superficial muscles |
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Term
| methods of studying the action of muscles (models) |
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Definition
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Term
| methods of studying the action of muscles (muscle stimulation) |
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Definition
| contraction of individual muscles |
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Term
| methods of studying the action of muscles (electromyography EMG) |
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Definition
| based on the fact that contrating muscles generate electrical impulses, reveals both intensity and duration of a muscles action |
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