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Biomechanic midterm
Tsahi Niv- lecture 1
37
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Professional
03/05/2013

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Term
tell me about biomechanics
Definition
is the application of classical mechanics on biological systems. Various aspects of biomechanics utilize different parts of applied mechanics such as the principles of statics and dynamics
Term
What is statics?
Definition
applied to analyze the magnitude and nature of forces involved in the musculoskeletal system at rest.
Term
What is dynamics?
Definition
utilized for motion analysis, gait analysis, and have multiple applications in the science of sports and performance enhancement
Term
WHat is solids mechanics?
Definition
provides the necessary tools for analysis of biological systems subjected to varying loading conditions
Term
WHat is fluid mechanics?
Definition
has been used to investigate blood flow, air flow, and joint lubrication
Term
What is machanical fource?
Definition
forces that are imposed on a system by direct physical contact. Most of the forces that we deal with in orthopaedics are types of mechanica forces.
Term
What are electrical, magnetic, and electromagnetic forces?
Definition
the magnitude of these forces is relatively minuscule as compared to mechanical forces.
Term
What is reaction force?
Definition
the concept of reaction forces represent the resistance of the ody or a structure to the acceleration or deformation that applied force could potentially cause. Two types of reaction forces are commonly discussed in biomechanics, ground reaction forces and joint reaction forces
Term
What is scalar quantity?
Definition
has a magnitude only. Mass, energy and temperature are the examples.
Term
What is vector?
Definition
is a quantity having both magnitude and direction
Term
What is torque?
Definition
associated with rotational and twisting action of applied forces
Term
What is moment?
Definition
related to the bending action.
Such as of aperson standing on the edge of adiving board. However, the mathematical definition of moment and torque is the same. For the purpose of this course these terms are interchangeable and synonymous
Term
What is the resolution of muscle forces?
Definition
when forces are neither parallel to each other nor perpendicular to the lever arm. Resolution of a force into two component forces is used to:

Visualize the effect of such angular forces on the body
Determine the torque produced by the forces
Calculate the magnitude of unknow muscle and joint forces
Term
What is the resolution of muscle forces?
Definition
is the division of the vector into two or more component vectors whose combiined magnitudes and directions produce the same effect as the original force.
Two rectangylar comoponents care drawn from the point of the original force so that two right triangles are formed, with the original force as the common hypotenuse. The rectangular (right angle) components are formed by drawing a line of action perpendicular to the X and the Y axis of the coordinate system
Term
What is tangential muscle forces joint kinetics?
Definition
to the direction of the joint motion
Term
What is radial muscle force joint kinetics?
Definition
to the direction of the joint motion
Term
What is the function of radial component of the muscle force ?
Definition
it will serve to stabilize the joint when directed toward the center of rotation, and to destabilize the joint when directed away from the center of rotation
Term
What is the true about muscle forces?
Definition
as joint move through their range of motion the tangential and radial components of the muscle force changes. This is particularly trie of the muscles on the flexion side of extremity joints with large ranges of motion, such as the elbow knee or ankle.
Term
What do you know about joint kinetics/
Definition
As joints move through their range of motion the tangential and radial components of the muscle force change.

It is important to note that the tangetial component of the acting muscle force will cause shearing at the joint
Term
What do you know about pulleys?
Definition
are used in the body to change line of pull and to add mechanical advantage to a musculotendinous unit, usually by using bony prominences or strong ligamentous strutures.
Term
What is fixed pulley?
Definition
they applied force is equal in each strand
Term
What is movable pulley?
Definition
May change direction and magnitude of the force
Term
What is pulleyed used for?
Definition
to boost mechanical advantage by increasing the moment arm.
A good example for that are the sesamoid bones the largest of them is the patella

used to preserve functional esthetics, such as in the case o the toe extensors held by the extensor retinaculum
Term
What is central axis lever?
Definition
class I
Term
What is central weight leve?
Definition
class II
Term
What is central force lever?
Definition
class III
Term
What do you know about type of lever?
Definition
the designation of the lever class is based upon the relative position of the forces acting on the lever to the fulcrum
Term
What is the motive force of the lever?
Definition
is designated as the force that would move the lever in the desired direction
Term
What is the resistance force of the lever?
Definition
is the force in the opposite direction
Term
What is the first class of lever example?
Definition
motive and resistance forces on opposite sides of the fulcrum.
An example of a first class lever would be seesaw. applications of class I lever include: triceps acting on elbow, soleus acting on ankle, erector spinae acting on spine and abdominal weight.
Term
what is second class lever?
Definition
the motive and resistance forces on the same side of the fulcrum.
The motive force always has the longer moment arm ( the mechanical advantage).
Examples include: A wheelbarrow, toe raises with axis at the MTPJs, Brachioradialis or wrist extensors maintaining elbow flexion
Term
What is third class levers?
Definition
the motive and resistance forces on the same side of the fulcrum.
The resistance force always has the mechanical advantage.
This is the most common type of lever in the human: quads acting at knee, as well as most other open kinetic chain activities.
Term
What is mechanical advantage?
Definition
the force with the longer moment arm is said to have the mechanical advantage
Mechanical advantage may also be gained with proper use of fixe or movable pulley systems.
Term
What are applications of forces to the body?
Definition
when forces are applied to tissues of the body there is a predictale mechanical response know as " loading".
There are five types of loads the body may be exposed to
Term
What is the compression loading?
Definition
occurs due to the effects of gravity and as a result of muscle contractions
Bone tissue is most exposed to compression loads and is by far the best designed to tolerate and conteract compression loading
Term
What is tensile loading?
Definition
tensile loads are common and occur most often within the musculotendinous units.
Tensile loads may also occur in ligaments and bones and can be extremely high
Term
What is the tension?
Definition
The tensile loads may be beneficial such as in providing structural support to elements of the body such as the ITB in unilateral stance.
However, tensile loading may also be injurious such as in the caase of plantar fascitis or achilles tendon enthesopathy,
Plantar fascitis happens te be the second most common reason for podiatry visits right after ingrown toenails.
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