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Bioloy Crousillac Test 2
N/A
127
Biology
Undergraduate 1
11/17/2010

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Term

Where does photosynthesis occur in plants?

a. stroma

b. chloroplasts

c. nucleus

d. nucleoid region

Definition
b. chloroplasts
Term
What happens during photosynthesis?
Definition
Photosynthesis transforms light energy trapped by chloroplasts into chemical bond energy and stores that energy in sugar and other organic molecules.
Term
Blank are an energy-rich organic molecules. Blank are energy-poor molecules which bond together to form energy-rich molecules.
Definition

1) glucose

2) CO2 and H2O

Term

What is the opposite of cellular respiration?

a. photosynthesis

b. osmosis

c. chemiosmosis

Definition
a. photosynthesis
Term
Photosynthesis uses Blank as a carbon source and Blank as the energy source.
Definition

1)CO2

2) sunlight- energy

Term
What directly or indirectly supplies energy to most living organisms?
Definition
photosynthesis
Term

What type of chemical reaction is photosynthesis?

a. covalent

b. endergonic

c. exergonic

 

Definition
b. endergonic
Term
What are the major organs of photosynthesis?
Definition
leaves
Term
This is the green pigment that gives a leaf its color.
Definition
Chlorophyll
Term
This is responsible for the absorption of the light energy that drives photosynthesis.
Definition
Chlorophyll
Term
Chloroplasts are primarily in cells of Blank.
Definition
Mesophyll (in the leaf interior)
Term
CO2 and H2O enter the leaf through pores called Blank.
Definition
stoma/ stomata
Term
In plants, water is absorbed by the roots and transported to the leaves through Blank.
Definition
the vascular bundles
Term
Chloroplats are made up of Blank and Blank.
Definition

a. thylakoids

b. stroma (fluid)

Term
are flattened membraneous sacs inside the chloroplast.
Definition
thylakoids
Term
Where is chlorophyll located?
Definition
the thylakoid membrane
Term
the thylakoids are arranged in stacks called
Definition
grana
Term
Where do light-dependent reactions occur?
Definition
thylakoids
Term
What are the 2 different reactions that photosynthesis consists of?
Definition

1) light-dependent

2) light-independent

Term
What happens in light-dependent reactions?
Definition
  • Sunlight is converted into chemical energy that is stored in energy-carrier molecules called ATP and NADPH
  • Oxygen is released as a by-product
  • Occurs in the thylakoid membranes
Term

H2O + NADPH + ADP => O2 + NADPH + ATP

this is an example of what kind of reaction?

Definition
light-dependent reaction
Term
What happens in light-independent reactions?
Definition
  • The chemical energy in the carrier molecules from light-dependent reactions(ATP & NADPH) is used to make glucose and other organic molecules.
  • Takes place in the stroma, which is the fluid-filled space outside the thylakoids within the chloroplasts.
Term

CO2 + ATP + NADPH + H2O => C6H12O6 + ADP + NADP

this is an example of what type of reaction?

Definition
light- independent reaction
Term
Light- dependent reactions occur Blank and produce Blank.
Definition

a. thylakoids

b. energized carriers (ATP,NADPH)

Term
Light-independent reactions occur Blank and produces Blank.
Definition

a. stroma

b. depleted carriers (ADP,NADP)

Term
The nature of sunlight: light is Blank.
Definition
Electromagnetic energy
Term
What are the particle-like properties of light energy?
Definition
  • electromagnetic energy also travels in particles
  • discrete particales called photons
Term
Light energy has both Blank and Blank properties.
Definition

a. wavelike

b. particle-like

Term
What are the wavelike properties of light energy?
Definition
  • electromagnetic energy travels in waves
  • the shorter the wavelength light has higher energy, the longer the wavelength light has lower energy.
Term
are substances that absorb visible light
Definition
pigments
Term
is the pigment which is the key light-capturing molecule in thylakoid membranes.
Definition
chlorophyll
Term
What are some photosynthetic pigments?
Definition
carotenoids & phycocyanins (called accessory pigments)
Term
Why do leaves change colors in the Fall?
Definition
  • During Spring & Summer, chlorophyll A and B are the primary pigments being used while photosynthesis levels are high.
  • During the Fall many plants go into a form of hibernation where photosynthesis levels are decreased.
  • Chlorophyll A and B are broken down and accessory pigments are the dominant pigments.
Term

What are the assemblies which turn light energy into chemical energy in the thylakoid membranes?

a. chloroplasts

b. carotenoids

c. photosystems

Definition
c. photosystems
Term

What makes up a photosystem?

a. chlorophyll, proteins, and accessory pigments.

b. stomata, proteins, and accessory pigments.

c. chlorophyll, stomata, and accessory pigments.

Definition
a. chlorophyll, proteins, and the accessory pigments
Term

What are the components of a photosystem?

 

Definition

1) light-harvesting complex

2) reaction-center chlorophyll

3) electron transport system

Term
Explain the light-dependent reaction:
Definition
  1. light is absorbed by photosystem2
  2. energized electrons leave the reaction center
  3. then enter the electron transport chain
  4. electrons move along chain, and energy is used to make ATP
  5. light is absorbed by photosystem1
  6. energized electrons leave the reaction center
  7. enter the electron transport chain
  8. energy transferred into NADPH
  9. initial electrons from photosystem2 are replaced by splitting of water
Term

What is the purpose of having two photosystems in the light-dependent reactions?

a. one photosystem fuels the light-dependent reactions, the other fuels the Calvin Cycle reaction.

b. the two generate different energy carriers.

c. the two function in different places of the plant

d. one funtions in C3 plants, the other in C4 plants.

Definition
b. the two generate different energy carriers
Term
What reaction transforms light energy to chemical energy?
Definition
the light-dependent reaction
Term
As the electrons flow down the photosystem2(PSII) electron transport system, ATP is generated by what?
Definition
photophosphorylation
Term
When less water is available during a drought, why is the rate of photosynthesis in plants reduced?
Definition
Fewer electrons are around to fuel the ETC
Term
is the coupling of electron flow down an electron transport chain to ATP production by creation of a gradient across the membrane
Definition
chemiosmosis (the proton gradient drives ATP synthesis as protons diffuse back across the membrane)
Term
What does PSII and PSI generate?
Definition

a. PSII generates ATP by chemiosmosis

b. PSI generates NADPH

Term
PSII and PSI both act as sources of?
Definition
stored chemical energy (potential energy)
Term
In the light-independent reactin the chemical energy stored from the light-dependent reaction is used to make?
Definition
glucose
Term
is the cycle of reactions in photosynthesis in which atmospheric carbon CO2 is fixed(carbon fixation) using ATP and NADPH
Definition
Calvin-Benson Cycle (a.k.a. the C3 cycle)
Term
Where does the Calvin Cycle occur? How does it get energy?
Definition

a. occurs in the chloroplast stroma

b. no direct light energy required, NADPH and ATP provide the chemical energy

Term
What are the phases of the Calvin Cycle?
Definition

1) Carbon fixation

2) G3P(Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate) synthesis

3) Regeneration of ribulose bisphosphate, sugar carbons are shuffled around to make 3 5-carbon sugars from 5 3-carbon sugars.

Term
Explain the phases of the Calvin Cycle?
Definition

1) carbon fixation: acquiring carbon from the atmosphere and incorporating it into a larger organic molecule.(RuBP is converted to PGA)

2) PGA is made into G3P. Energy from NADPH and ATP(from light-dependent reaction) is used.

3) 2-G3P molecules are made into glucose. The remaining G3P molecules are made back into RuBP. Requires ATP energy.

Term

In the Calvin cycle, where do the carbons used to synthesize glucose originate?

a. RuBP

b. NADPH

c. ATP

d. CO2

Definition
d. CO2
Term
How are the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle related?
Definition
the energy-carrier molecules of the light-dependent reactions fuel the Calvin cycle
Term
What is responsible for the beautiful shades of red, orange, and gold in Autumn leaves?
Definition
accessory pigments become visible after chlorophyll breaks down
Term
powerhouses for the cell, produce the cell's ATP.
Definition
mitochondria
Term
Genetic mitochondria disorders can lead to what?
Definition
energy shortage, muscle weakness, and chronic fatigue
Term
Cellular respiration is a cumulative function of what?
Definition

1) glycolysis

2) the Krebs Cycle

3) electron transport

Term
What are the 3 metabolic stages of cellular respiration?
Definition

1) glycolysis(harvests chemical energy by breaking down glucose to pyruvate)

2) Krebs Cycle( a.k.a Citric Acid Cycle)

3) Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

Term
harvest chemical energy by breaking down glucose to pyruvate
Definition
glycolysis
Term
is a catabolic pathway during which a six-carbon glucose is split into two three-carbon sugars, which are then rearranged by a stepwise process that produces two pyruvic acid molecules
Definition
glycolysis
Term
Where does glycolysis occur?and what happens?
Definition

a. in the cytoplasm

b. partially oxidizes glucose(C6) in two pyruvic acids(C3) molecules

Term
What are the phases the reactions of glycolysis occur?
Definition

1) glucose activation phase-uses cellular ATP to phosphorylate(add phosphate group to) the glycolysis intermediates, requires 2 ATP molecules per glucose.

2) energy harvest phase- produces ATP, yields 4 ATP molecules per glucose, requires 2 molecules of NADPH per glucose.

Term
Glycolysis is distinct from cellular respiration because?
Definition
it does not occur in the mitochondria
Term
If there is no oxygen present then the pyruvic acid molecules from glycolysis go through what?
Definition
fermentation (anerobic: takes place without O2)
Term
When the pyruvic acid molecules from glycolysis go through fermentation, what happens?
Definition

1) No ATP production, this results in the partial degradation of sugars

2) regenerates NAD+

Term
What are the two types of fermentation?
Definition

1) Alcohol fermentation

2) Latic acid fermentation

Term
How can glycolysis continue producing energy when oxygen is not present?
Definition
Fermentation regenerates the NAD+ needed for glycolysis by allowing pyruvate to accept electrons and H+ from NADPH
Term
You help a friend move, and the next day your arms and legs are sore. What caused the soreness?
Definition
Your overworked muscles did not get enough O2(oxygen) and switched to fermentation,which builds up lactate.
Term
What happens if there is no oxygen around when fermentation occurs following glycolysis?
Definition

If no oxygen is present, the pyruvic acid molecules from glycolysis go to the bridge reaction followed by the Krebs cycle in cellular respiration.

-ATP production

-results in complete break down of sugars

Term
What is the reaction that connects glycolysis to the Krebs Cycle? and what happens during this reaction?
Definition

1) the bridge reaction

2) it converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA

Term
What is the sequence of the formation of acetyl CoA?
Definition

1) removal of CO2

2)  production of NADH from NAD+, two molecules of NADH per glucose molecule.

3) attachment of coenzyme A (a.k.a CoA) to form acetyl CoA

Term
Where does the Krebs Cycle occur?what does it do?
Definition

1) occurs in the mitochondria matrix, the most inner part of the mitochondria.

2) completes the breakdown of glucose that glycolysis started.

 

Term
What are the products of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?
Definition

1) NADH and FADH

2) a small amount of ATP generated

Term
For every molecule of glucose entering glycolysis how many pyruvic molecules are allowed to enter the Krebs cycle?
Definition
two pyruvate molecules
Term
How many turns of the Krebs cycle are needed to complete the break down of 1 glucose molecule?
Definition
two turns
Term
Where does all the energy go from the Krebs cycle?
Definition
it is stored in NADH and FADH2
Term
Where is the electron transport system located? what does it do?
Definition

1) located in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

2) it accepts energy in the form of electrons from NADH and FADH, uses the energy from electron transfers to make ATP via oxidative phosphorylation, produces most(90%) of the ATP of cellular respiration.

Term
Explain the electron transport chain:
Definition

1) Electrons from NADH and FADH2 pass through a series of enzymes and other proteins

2) Their energy is used to pump H+ from the matrix into the intermembrane compartment. creates a gradient

Term
People who suffer from chronic fatigue are often recommended to take over-the-counter what?
Definition
NADH pills which provide electrons that are needed to enter the electron transport chain and produce ATP for the cell.
Term
What is chemiomosis? what happens?
Definition

1) the energy-coupling mechanism

2) the electron transport chain does not make ATP directly

3) instead it generates a proton gradient across the inner mitochondria membrane

Term
is the coupling of exergonic electron flow down an electron transport chain to endergonic ATP production by the creation of a proton gradient across a membrane
Definition
chemiosmosis
Term
Where does chemiosmotic ATP synthesis occur?
Definition
the inner mitochondrial membrane
Term
For every NADH that feeds into the electron transport chain how many protons are moved from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane compartment?
Definition
3 protons
Term
For every FADH2 that feeds into the electron transport chain how many protons are moved from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane compartment?
Definition
2 protons
Term
For every proton that crosses back into the mitochondrial matric how many ATPs are synthesized by ATP synthase?
Definition
one ATP
Term
Cellular respiration can accept components from most of the major types of what and found where?
Definition
from macromolecules found in food
Term
Cells can switch off the pathway they don't need by what?
Definition
feedback inhibition
Term
What does the ration of ATP/ADP reflect?
Definition
it reflects the energy state of a cell.
Term
If the ratio of ATP/ADP is high then what? If the ratio of ATP/ADP is low then what?
Definition

1) if ratio of ATP/ADP is high then the energy state of cell is high.

2) if the ratio of ATP/ADP is low then the energy state of cell is low.

Term
are the units of heredity and are made of nucleic acid(DNA)
Definition
genes
Term
are polymers of nucleotides linked together by dehydration synthesis reactions
Definition
nucleic acids
Term
are the building block molecules of a nucleic acid and are composed of a sugar, a phosephate group, and a nitrogenous base.
Definition
nucleotides
Term
What forms the nucleic acid backbone?
Definition
the sugar and phosphate groups
Term

If DNA were compared to a book the blank would only be the binding of the book. The actually words, or genetic information would be contained in the blank.

 

Definition

1) sugar and phosphate groups

2) nitrogenous bases

Term
What are the two families of nitrogenous bases?
Definition

1) pyrimidines

2) purines

Term
are nitrogenous bases characterized by a six-membered ring made up of a carbon and nitrogen atoms
Definition
pyrimidines
Term
are the nitrogenous bases characterized by a five-membered ring fused to a six-membered ring where both rings are made up of carbon and nitrogen atoms.
Definition
purines
Term
What is evidence that DNA is the genetic material?
Definition

1) in a eukaryotic cell, the DNA content doubles prior to cell division

2) during cell division the doubled DNA is divided equally between the two daughter cells

Term
What is the relationship between the composition of the two nitrogenous bases?
Definition

Chrgaff's rules:

A=T

G=C

Term
What is the structure of the monomer?
Definition
a nucleotide
Term
What is the structure of the polymer?
Definition
single strand DNA
Term
What does a double helix model consist of?
Definition

-2 strands are antiparallel

-specific base pairing, complementary base pairs

-A=T and G=C pairs

Term
In a typical human cell how long is DNA?
Definition
2 meters long
Term
How big must the diameter of a human cell be to contain DNA?
Definition
about 10 um in diameter
Term
If the average cell were an inch in diameter, how long would the DNA contained inside of it be?
Definition
about 3 miles long
Term
What did the Human Genome Project reveal about most of the DNA of humans?
Definition
  • that it doesn't encode mRNAs or any other RNAs
  • it appears to serve no purpose whatsoever in our life cycle
  • accounts 98.5% of human chromosomal DNA
Term
Non-coding regions are similar in humans, but not identical.What do non-coding regions account for?
Definition
they account for your DNA "fingerprint"(called mini-satellite sequences)
Term
What is the difference in DNA "fingerprint" between individuals of the same species?
Definition

the difference is a single nucleotide in the sequence.

ex) individual 1: AAGGGTGGGCAGGAA

individual 2: AAGGGTGGGCAGGAG

Term
What are the single nucleotide difference in DNA sequence used for now?
Definition
now used to "fingerprint" an individual
Term
the combination of DNA from 2 or more organisms into a single DNA molecule
Definition
recombinant DNA
Term
What are examples of recombinant DNA?
Definition
insulin, HGH, and EPO
Term
the gene that encodes for insulin production in humans is snipped out of a human DNA and inserted into the DNA of an E.Coli bacterium
Definition
insulin
Term
produced by the human pituitary gland
Definition
Human Growth Hormone (HGH)
Term
increases protein synthesis, burning of body fat, and growth in nearly every part of the body, used to combat weight loss in AIDs patients
Definition
HGH
Term
Hormone produced by the kidney that stimulates red blood cell production
Definition
Erythropoietin(EPO)
Term
 used to treat anemia resulting from chemotherapy, eating disorders, and lung disease
Definition
EPO
Term
increases the body's ability to transport oxygen to cells and tissues
Definition
EPO
Term
The process of DNA replication requires?
Definition

1) 20 + enzymes & accessory proteins

2) extremely rapid( prokaryote 500 nucleotides added per second, humans 50 nucleotides added per second)

3) accurate( about 1 in a billion chance of mistake)

Term
What are the 3 fundamental steps of DNA replication?
Definition

1) double helix unwinds and strands seperate

2) each strand can act as a template

3) a new strand winds up with an old strand

Term
Where does DNA start?
Definition
The DNA strands are seperated by an enzyme called helicase to form a replication bubble. At each end of that replication bubble is a replication fork where the new strands are being synthesized.
Term
are y-shaped regions of replicating DNA molecules where new strands are growing
Definition
replication fork
Term
What synthesizes the new strands of DNA? How does it occur?
Definition

1) DNA polymerase synthesizes the new strands

2) synthesis occurs in 5'=>3' direction, therefore synthesis is bidirectional

Term
What are the fragments of the lagging strand of DNA joined by?
Definition
another enzyme called DNA ligase
Term
Because of the bidirectional nature of the DNA replication one strand is synthesized in a continuous manner(blank) the opposing strand(blank) is synthesized in pieces.
Definition

1)leading strand

2)lagging strand

Term
What happens in the leading strand synthesis of DNA replication?
Definition
DNA polymerase is moving in the same direction as the helicase. Adds complimentary nucleotides in the 5'=>3' direction
Term
What happens in the lagging strand synthesis of DNA replication?
Definition
DNA polymerase is moving in the opposite direction of the helicase
Term
What is a codon?
Definition
a 3-nucleotide sequence that stands for an amino acid
Term
If a protein consists of 40 amino acids, how many codons are there that code for it?
Definition
40 codons present, because codons just stand for amino acids
Term
If there are 40 codons in a protein, how many nucleotides are present?
Definition
120 nucleotides, because 3 nucleotides make up one codon
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