Where does photosynthesis occur in plants?

a. stroma

b. chloroplasts

c. nucleus

d. nucleoid region

1) glucose

2) CO2 and H2O

What is the opposite of cellular respiration?

a. photosynthesis

b. osmosis

c. chemiosmosis

1)CO2

2) sunlight- energy

What type of chemical reaction is photosynthesis?

a. covalent

b. endergonic

c. exergonic

a. thylakoids

b. stroma (fluid)

1) light-dependent

2) light-independent

• Sunlight is converted into chemical energy that is stored in energy-carrier molecules called ATP and NADPH
• Oxygen is released as a by-product
• Occurs in the thylakoid membranes

H2O + NADPH + ADP => O2 + NADPH + ATP

this is an example of what kind of reaction?

• The chemical energy in the carrier molecules from light-dependent reactions(ATP & NADPH) is used to make glucose and other organic molecules.
• Takes place in the stroma, which is the fluid-filled space outside the thylakoids within the chloroplasts.

CO2 + ATP + NADPH + H2O => C6H12O6 + ADP + NADP

this is an example of what type of reaction?

a. thylakoids

b. energized carriers (ATP,NADPH)

a. stroma

b. depleted carriers (ADP,NADP)

• electromagnetic energy also travels in particles
• discrete particales called photons

a. wavelike

b. particle-like

• electromagnetic energy travels in waves
• the shorter the wavelength light has higher energy, the longer the wavelength light has lower energy.

• During Spring & Summer, chlorophyll A and B are the primary pigments being used while photosynthesis levels are high.
• During the Fall many plants go into a form of hibernation where photosynthesis levels are decreased.
• Chlorophyll A and B are broken down and accessory pigments are the dominant pigments.

What are the assemblies which turn light energy into chemical energy in the thylakoid membranes?

a. chloroplasts

b. carotenoids

c. photosystems

What makes up a photosystem?

a. chlorophyll, proteins, and accessory pigments.

b. stomata, proteins, and accessory pigments.

c. chlorophyll, stomata, and accessory pigments.

What are the components of a photosystem?

1) light-harvesting complex

2) reaction-center chlorophyll

3) electron transport system

1. light is absorbed by photosystem2
2. energized electrons leave the reaction center
3. then enter the electron transport chain
4. electrons move along chain, and energy is used to make ATP
5. light is absorbed by photosystem1
6. energized electrons leave the reaction center
7. enter the electron transport chain
8. energy transferred into NADPH
9. initial electrons from photosystem2 are replaced by splitting of water

What is the purpose of having two photosystems in the light-dependent reactions?

a. one photosystem fuels the light-dependent reactions, the other fuels the Calvin Cycle reaction.

b. the two generate different energy carriers.

c. the two function in different places of the plant

d. one funtions in C3 plants, the other in C4 plants.

a. PSII generates ATP by chemiosmosis

b. PSI generates NADPH

a. occurs in the chloroplast stroma

b. no direct light energy required, NADPH and ATP provide the chemical energy

1) Carbon fixation

2) G3P(Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate) synthesis

3) Regeneration of ribulose bisphosphate, sugar carbons are shuffled around to make 3 5-carbon sugars from 5 3-carbon sugars.

1) carbon fixation: acquiring carbon from the atmosphere and incorporating it into a larger organic molecule.(RuBP is converted to PGA)

2) PGA is made into G3P. Energy from NADPH and ATP(from light-dependent reaction) is used.

3) 2-G3P molecules are made into glucose. The remaining G3P molecules are made back into RuBP. Requires ATP energy.

In the Calvin cycle, where do the carbons used to synthesize glucose originate?

a. RuBP

b. NADPH

c. ATP

d. CO2

1) glycolysis

2) the Krebs Cycle

3) electron transport

1) glycolysis(harvests chemical energy by breaking down glucose to pyruvate)

2) Krebs Cycle( a.k.a Citric Acid Cycle)

3) Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

a. in the cytoplasm

b. partially oxidizes glucose(C6) in two pyruvic acids(C3) molecules

1) glucose activation phase-uses cellular ATP to phosphorylate(add phosphate group to) the glycolysis intermediates, requires 2 ATP molecules per glucose.

2) energy harvest phase- produces ATP, yields 4 ATP molecules per glucose, requires 2 molecules of NADPH per glucose.

1) No ATP production, this results in the partial degradation of sugars

2) regenerates NAD+

1) Alcohol fermentation

2) Latic acid fermentation

If no oxygen is present, the pyruvic acid molecules from glycolysis go to the bridge reaction followed by the Krebs cycle in cellular respiration.

-ATP production

-results in complete break down of sugars

1) the bridge reaction

2) it converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA

1) removal of CO2

2)  production of NADH from NAD+, two molecules of NADH per glucose molecule.

3) attachment of coenzyme A (a.k.a CoA) to form acetyl CoA

1) occurs in the mitochondria matrix, the most inner part of the mitochondria.

2) completes the breakdown of glucose that glycolysis started.

1) NADH and FADH

2) a small amount of ATP generated

1) located in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

2) it accepts energy in the form of electrons from NADH and FADH, uses the energy from electron transfers to make ATP via oxidative phosphorylation, produces most(90%) of the ATP of cellular respiration.

1) Electrons from NADH and FADH2 pass through a series of enzymes and other proteins

2) Their energy is used to pump H+ from the matrix into the intermembrane compartment. creates a gradient

1) the energy-coupling mechanism

2) the electron transport chain does not make ATP directly

3) instead it generates a proton gradient across the inner mitochondria membrane

1) if ratio of ATP/ADP is high then the energy state of cell is high.

2) if the ratio of ATP/ADP is low then the energy state of cell is low.

If DNA were compared to a book the blank would only be the binding of the book. The actually words, or genetic information would be contained in the blank.

1) sugar and phosphate groups

2) nitrogenous bases

1) pyrimidines

2) purines

1) in a eukaryotic cell, the DNA content doubles prior to cell division

2) during cell division the doubled DNA is divided equally between the two daughter cells

Chrgaff's rules:

A=T

G=C

-2 strands are antiparallel

-specific base pairing, complementary base pairs

-A=T and G=C pairs

• that it doesn't encode mRNAs or any other RNAs
• it appears to serve no purpose whatsoever in our life cycle
• accounts 98.5% of human chromosomal DNA

the difference is a single nucleotide in the sequence.

ex) individual 1: AAGGGTGGGCAGGAA

individual 2: AAGGGTGGGCAGGAG

1) 20 + enzymes & accessory proteins

2) extremely rapid( prokaryote 500 nucleotides added per second, humans 50 nucleotides added per second)

3) accurate( about 1 in a billion chance of mistake)

1) double helix unwinds and strands seperate

2) each strand can act as a template

3) a new strand winds up with an old strand

1) DNA polymerase synthesizes the new strands

2) synthesis occurs in 5'=>3' direction, therefore synthesis is bidirectional

1)leading strand

2)lagging strand