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| Genes in DNA are transcribed into ___, and RNA is translated into various types of ____. |
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| ___ is a copy of certain DNA segments, or genes, that are the instructions on how to build a protein |
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| the process of making RNA from DNA is called ____. |
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| RNA carries the code it has transcribed from DNA to ribosomes in the cytoplasm to build either single protein or a part of a protein called a polypeptide in a process called ____ |
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| many proteins are made out of various combinations of ____ |
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| DNA is a ___ that has two complementary strands and the shape of a ______. |
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| nucleic acid; double helix |
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| DNA has two long strands-- each long strand is called a ___ (They are united by cross-connections.) |
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| The basic unit of a DNA molecule is a ____. |
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| A nucleotide consists of a ____, a sugar, and a _____. (phosphate and sugar make up the backbone of the molecule) |
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Definition
| phosphate, nitrogenous base |
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| DNA consists of four types of nitrogenous bases that are organized into two groups, the ___ and the ____. |
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| The purines are ___ and ___. They have __ rings of carbon and nitrogen in their chemical structure. |
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| The pyrimidines are ___ and ____. They have ___ of carbon and nitrogen in their chemical structure. |
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Definition
| thymine and cytosine; one |
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| The base pairing rules are: adenine with ___; ___ with cytosine |
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| Two DNA bases that are paired up are called _____. |
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| ___ bonds form between the nitrogenous bases of either strand. |
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| A ___ hydrogen connects the nitrogenous bases A and T, while a ___ hydrogen bond links G and C. |
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| Strands of DNA are held together by ___ between pairs of nitrogenous bases. |
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| DNA differs among organisms based on the ___ and __ of its bases. |
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| _______'s work with the nitrogenous bases helped determine the structure of DNA. |
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| In RNA the sugar is ___ while in DNA it is ___ (the difference is a single sugar atom). |
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| RNA does not have the pyrimidine base ____, which is present in DNA. Instead is has ___. |
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| ___ is a single-stranded molecule that is made directly from DNA. |
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| ___ is shaped like a cross. It is a long single-stranded piece of RNA made in the cell's nucleus from DNA. It's job is to identify which amino acids the mRNA is coding for and bring them in. |
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| ____ is part of the structure of a ribosome. It is formed in the nucleus and migrates to the cytoplasm where it combines with many small proteins to make up a ribosome. |
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| ____ does not play a role in protein production. It is cut into pieces and combined with proteins to make a 'small interfering RNA'. Its function it to destroy certain mRNA strands. It is important in controlling which genes are and are not expressed. |
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Definition
| dsRNA (double-stranded RNA) |
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| A newly produced strand of DNA must be ___ to the original (parent) strand. |
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| The enzyme ____ opens and unwinds the double helix. |
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| As DNA unwinds, each end of the open portion takes a Y shape called a ____. |
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| The enzyme ______ builds new strands of DNA. |
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| a sequence of three bases that codes for a single amino acid |
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| a sequence of three bases in a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a condon in mRNA |
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