Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| organisms composed of only one cell |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms composed of one or more cell |
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Term
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Definition
| cells become different from each other when multiplied, followed various roles supplied by their genetic instructions |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms ability to produce new organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid: the hereditary info in a cell in the form of a large molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA that contains the instructions for the development of a single trait |
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Term
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Definition
| hereditary info from two organisms of the same species is combined |
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Term
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Definition
| hereditary info from one organism is split in half |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the study of organisms interactions with other organisms and their environment |
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Term
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Definition
| environmental communities |
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Term
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Definition
| plants and some unicellular organisms capture energy from the sun and change it into a form of energy that can be used by living things |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that obtain their energy by making their own food |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that must take in food to meet their energy requirements |
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Term
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Definition
| a stable level of eternal conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| the sum of all chemical processes that occur in an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| the formation of two cells from an existing cell |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which an adult organism arises |
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Term
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Definition
| all/any of the information scientists gather in trying to answer their question |
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Term
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Definition
typically employs one or more of the 5 senses |
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Term
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Definition
| technique of using a small part of a population to represent the whole |
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Term
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Definition
| explains their observations and data that can be tested |
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Term
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Definition
| statement made in advance that states the results that will be obtained from testing a hypothesis |
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Term
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Definition
| process of testing a hypothesis/prediction by gathering data under controlled conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| based on the comparison of a control group with an experimental group |
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Term
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Definition
| variable that does not change |
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Term
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Definition
| variable that is being tested |
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Term
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Definition
| the difference in the control and experimental group |
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Term
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Definition
| variable who's value depends on that of the independent variable |
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Term
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Definition
| an explanation supported by data |
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Term
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Definition
| a conclusion made on the basis of facts rather than on direct observations |
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Term
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Definition
| a broad comprehensive statement of what is thought to be true |
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Term
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Definition
| an instrument that produces an enlarged image of an object |
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Term
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Definition
| the increase of an objects apparent size |
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Term
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Definition
| the power to show details clearly |
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Term
| compound light microscope |
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Definition
| to see small organisms (school microscope) |
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Term
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Definition
| the factor of enlargement |
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Term
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Definition
| beams of electrons produce an enlarged image |
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Term
| transmission electron microscope |
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Definition
transmits beams of electrons through very thinly sliced specimen
*magnify up to 200,000 times
*cannot view live specimens |
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Term
| scanning electron microscope |
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Definition
provided 3-D images of specimans
*magnify up to 100,000 times
*cannot be used to view live specimens |
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Term
|
Definition
| in SI that describe length |
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Term
|
Definition
| International System of Measurment |
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Term
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Definition
| produced by mathematical relationship between to base units or derived units |
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Term
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Definition
| anything that occupies space and has mass |
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Term
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Definition
| the quantity of matter an object has |
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Term
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Definition
| pure substances that cannot be broken down chemically into simpler kinds of matter |
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Term
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Definition
| the simplest particle of an element that retains all the properties of that element |
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Term
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Definition
| central core of an atom, consists of: protons and neutrons |
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Term
|
Definition
| positive electrical charge |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| the number of protons in an atom |
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Term
|
Definition
negative electrical charge
*outside the nucleus |
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Term
|
Definition
| holds electrons outside the nucleus, (from inside out) 1st level- 2 electrons 2nd through 8th levels can hold up to 8 electrons |
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Term
|
Definition
| a pure substance that is made of atoms of two or more elements |
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Term
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Definition
| combining in ways that cause atoms to become stable |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| forms when two atoms share two or more pairs of electrons |
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Term
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Definition
| the simplest part of a substance that retains all the properties of the substance and that can exist in a free state |
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Term
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Definition
| an atom or molecule with a charge (+ or -) |
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Term
|
Definition
| positive and negative ions attract each other |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to do work or cause change |
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Term
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Definition
| energy in a system that is available for work |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| left side of the equation |
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Term
|
Definition
| right side of the equation |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical reactions that involve a net release of free energy |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical reactions that involve a net absorption of free energy |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| reduce the amount of activation energy needed for a reaction |
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Term
|
Definition
| catalysts in living things |
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Term
|
Definition
| reactions in which electrons are transfered between atoms |
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Term
|
Definition
| a reactant loses one or more electrons- becoming positive |
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Term
|
Definition
| a reactant gains one or more electrons- becoming negative |
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Term
|
Definition
| a mixture in which one or more substances are distributed into another substance |
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Term
|
Definition
| the substance dissolved in the solvent |
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Term
|
Definition
the substance in which the solute is dissolved
ex. water |
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Term
|
Definition
| the amount of solute dissolved in a fixed amount of solution |
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Term
|
Definition
| a solution in which no more solute can be dissolved |
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Term
|
Definition
| a solution in which water is the solvent |
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Term
|
Definition
| the breaking apart of water molecules to form two ions of opposite charge ( H3O+ and OH-) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
a solution where the number of hydronium ions is greater than the number of hydroxide ions
*sour taste |
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Term
|
Definition
a solution where the number of hydroxide ions is greater than the number of hydronium ions
*bitter taste
*feels slippery |
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Term
|
Definition
a scale for comparing the relative concentrations of hydronium and hydroxide ions
0= very acidic
7= neutral (water)
14= very basic
*ranges from 0-14 |
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Term
|
Definition
| chemical substances that neutralize small amounts of acid/base added to a solution |
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Term
|
Definition
| principal- states: all living thing come from other living things |
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Term
|
Definition
principal- states: living things could arise from nonliving things
(INCORRECT) |
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Term
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Definition
| the length of time it takes for one-half of any size sample of an isotope to decay |
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Term
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Definition
| atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons they contain |
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Term
|
Definition
| the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| method of establishing the age of materials: measure the amount of radioactive isotope contained in the nucleus compared to pre-calculated rates of decay |
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Term
|
Definition
| isotopes that have unstable nuclei undergo decay- their nuclei release particles/radiant energy |
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Term
|
Definition
| isotopes that undergo radioactive decay- rates of decay have been determined for many isotopes |
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Term
|
Definition
| CO2 serves as a Carbon source for the assembly of organic molecules |
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Term
|
Definition
| idea that eukaryotes started off as an invasion of prokaryotes- gave rise to individual organelles (ex. Mitochondria) |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of geographical distribution of fossils and living organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| a rocklike model of an organism (filled with hard minerals) |
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Term
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Definition
| a trace of a long-dead organism |
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Term
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Definition
| states that the successive layers of rock or soil were deposed on top of one another by water/wind, the lowest stratum is the oldest- the top layer is the most recent |
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Term
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Definition
| an imprint in rock in the shape of an organism (impression) |
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Term
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Definition
| if a fossil is older or younger than another given fossil |
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Term
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Definition
| forms layers of sedimentary rock are formed when sand, dust, or mud are deposited by wind/water |
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Term
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Definition
| one that is not determined by genes, arises during the organisms lifetime- result of experience or behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms change (over time) to help them survive in their environment as their proportion of genes for favorable traits increases |
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Term
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Definition
| a beneficial trait said to give the organism that has it an advantage |
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Term
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Definition
| in an evolving population, a single organism's genetic contribution to the next generation |
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Term
|
Definition
| organisms best suited to their environment reproduce more successfully than other organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| interbreeding single-species group |
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Term
|
Definition
| type of divergent evolution: many related species evolve from a single ancestral species |
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Term
|
Definition
| different in physical anatomy, similar in function |
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Term
|
Definition
| the change of two or more species in close association with each other |
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Term
|
Definition
| unrelated species become more and more similar in appearance because of the environment they live in |
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Term
|
Definition
| two or more related species become more and more dissimilar over time |
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Term
|
Definition
| similar in physical anatomy, can vary in function |
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Term
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Definition
| structures that no longer have a useful function in an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| determined by: dividing the number of a certain allele/ by the total number of alleles in the population |
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Term
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Definition
| the total genetic information in a population |
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Term
| Hardy-Weinberg genetic equilibrium |
|
Definition
based on genetic equilibrium:
1. no mutations occur
2. individuals neither enter, nor leave the population
3. the population is large
4. individuals mate randomly
5. natural selection does not occur |
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Term
|
Definition
| equal to the number of individuals with a particular phenotype / divided by the total number of individuals in the population |
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Term
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Definition
| the internal structure and appearance of an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| the system of two-part names |
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Term
| The Levels of Classification |
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Definition
| Kingdom, Phylum/Division, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| second part of an organisms scientific name- usually a descriptive word |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| variations in a species (occur in different regions of the world) |
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Term
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Definition
| branch of biology that names and groups organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history |
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Term
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Definition
| split subspecies into subsets |
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Term
|
Definition
| uses derived characteristics to establish evolutionary relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| ancestry diagrams made by means of cladistics |
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Term
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Definition
| a feature that apparently evolved only within a certain group |
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Term
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Definition
| a family tree that shows the evolutionary relationships thought to exist among groups of organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| organizes the diversity of living organisms in the context of evolution |
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Term
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Definition
| three broad groups: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya |
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Term
|
Definition
a.k.a. archaebacteria
ex. bacteria
prokaryotic
unicellular
no tissue organization
autotrophic/heterotrophic
binary fission/some sexual reproduction
-found in harsh environments
-"ancient"
-mostly anaerobic
-clean up "spills" |
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Term
|
Definition
ex. bacteria
prokaryotic
unicellular
no tissue organization
autotrophic/heterotrophic
binary fission/some sexual reproduction
-found in harsh environments
-"ancient"
-mostly anaerobic
-clean up "spills"
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Term
|
Definition
a.k.a. eubacteria ex. bacteria
ex. bacteria
prokaryotic
unicellular
no tissue organization
autotrophic/heterotrophic
binary fission/some sexual reproduction
-cause human disease
-mostly aerobic
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Term
|
Definition
ex. bacteria
prokaryotic
unicellular
no tissue organization
autotrophic/heterotrophic
binary fission/some sexual reproduction
-cause human disease
-mostly aerobic
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Term
|
Definition
a.k.a. protista, fungi, plantae, animalia
eukaryotic
have nuclei- chromosomes, membrane-bound organelles
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Term
|
Definition
ex. kelp
eukaryotic
unicellular/multicellular
no tissue organization
autotrophic/heterotrophic
mostly sexual reproduction
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Term
|
Definition
ex. mushrooms
eukaryotic
unicellular/multicellular
tissue organization
heterotrophic
mostly sexual reproduction
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Term
|
Definition
eukaryotic
multicellular
tissue organization
autotrophic
mostly sexual reproduction
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Term
|
Definition
eukaryotic
multicellular
tissue organization
heterotrophic
mostly sexual reproduction (a few exceptions)
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Term
|
Definition
ex. water
uneven pattern of charge
[negative at top, positive at (2) bottom] |
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Term
|
Definition
| the type of attraction that holds two water molecules together |
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Term
|
Definition
| an attractive force between particles of the same kind |
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Term
|
Definition
| an attractive force between unlike substances |
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Term
|
Definition
| together cohesion+adhesion=capillarity- enable water molecules to move upward against the force of gravity |
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Term
|
Definition
| contain carbon atoms that are covalently bonded to other carbon atoms/elements |
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Term
|
Definition
| structural building block that determines the characteristics of the compound |
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Term
|
Definition
| organic compound with a hydroxyl group attached to one if its carbon atoms |
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Term
|
Definition
| simpler molecules that build up the molecules |
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Term
|
Definition
| complex molecules- consists of repeated linked units |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| monomers link to form polymers through a chemical reaction |
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Term
|
Definition
the breakdown of complex molecules (such as polymers)
*reversal of condensation reaction |
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Term
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
|
Definition
| a molecule present in all living things and acting as an energy source for metabolic processes |
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Term
|
Definition
| organic compounds composed of C, H, and O |
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Term
|
Definition
simple sugar
a monomer of a carbohydrate |
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Term
|
Definition
| compounds that have a single chemical formula but different forms |
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Term
|
Definition
| double sugar- forms when two monosaccharides combine |
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Term
|
Definition
| complex molecule- formed when three or more monosaccharides combine |
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Term
|
Definition
| the monomers of proteins, composed of: C, H, O, and N |
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Term
|
Definition
| the formation of two amino acids bonded together by a condensation reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| a covalent bond between two amino acids |
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Term
|
Definition
| a long chain of several amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| the reactant being catalyzed |
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Term
|
Definition
| large nonpolar organic molecules that do not dissolve in water, composed of C, H, and O |
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Term
|
Definition
| unbranched carbon chains that make up most lipids |
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Term
|
Definition
means: "water-loving"
(one end of the the fatty-acid molecule) |
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Term
|
Definition
means: "water-fearing"
(other end of the fatty-acid molecule) |
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Term
|
Definition
| composed of three molecules of fatty acid joined to one molecule of the alcohol glycerol |
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Term
|
Definition
| have two fatty acids joined together by a molecule of glycerol |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| molecules are composed of four fused C rings with various functional groups attached to them |
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Term
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Definition
| large and complex organic molecules that store important information in the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Ribonucleic acid: stores and transfers information that is essential for the manufacturing of proteins |
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Term
|
Definition
| monomers of DNA and RNA, made of: a phosphate group, nitrogen base, and five-carbon sugar |
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Term
|
Definition
| the smallest unit of matter that can carry on all the processes of life |
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Term
|
Definition
| all living things are composed of one or more cells, cells are that basic units of structure and function in an organism, cells come only from the reproduction of existing cells |
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Term
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Definition
| a cell component that performs specific functions for the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| a thin membrane surrounding the entire cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| directs cell activities, contains the majority of the cells genetic information |
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Term
|
Definition
| cells that contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles |
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Term
|
Definition
| cells with no apparent nucleus and no membrane-bound organelles |
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Term
|
Definition
| the cell membrane controls the ease with substances, controls which substances enter and leave the cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| located on the interior/exterior of the cell membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
| proteins embedded in the lipid bilayer |
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Term
|
Definition
| model to describe the cell membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
| between cell membrane and nucleus- contains various organelles, bathed in cytosol |
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Term
|
Definition
| makes up cytoplasm: salts, minerals, and organic molecules |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| organelle that is the site of aerobic respiration in eukaryotic cells |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| inner membrane of mitochondria- many long folds |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| an organelles that controls the synthesis of proteins |
|
|
Term
| rough endoplasmic reticulum |
|
Definition
covered in robosomes
exports/imports proteins |
|
|
Term
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
|
Definition
synthesis of steroid glands, regulation of calcium levels in muscle cells, the breakdown of toxic substances by liver cels
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| processing, packaging, and secreting |
|
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Term
|
Definition
digest proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, DNA, RNA, viruses/bacteria
*not common in plant cells |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a network of long protein strands located in cytosol, participate in movement of organelles in cytoplasm, support to the cell |
|
|
Term
| microtubules/microfiliments |
|
Definition
part of cytoskeleton:
a network of long protein strands located in cytosol, participate in movement of organelles in cytoplasm, support to the cell
|
|
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Term
|
Definition
| threads of proteins that make up microfilaments |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| bundles of microtubules, assist during cell division (extend across the cell) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
hairlike organelles that assist in cell movement
cilia- short, surround cell
flagella- long whip-like tail |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| maintains the shape of the nucleus |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| double membrane surrounding the nucleus |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a combination of DNA and protein |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small holes in the nuclear enevlope |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| site where ribosomes are synthesized and partially assembled before they pass through the nuclear pores to the cytosol |
|
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Term
|
Definition
covers cells- outside cell membrane
*plant cells only |
|
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Term
|
Definition
store enzymes and metabolic wastes
*plant cells only |
|
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Term
|
Definition
chloroplasts
convert sun's energy into chemical energy in organic compounds |
|
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Term
|
Definition
convert sun's energy into chemical energy in organic compounds
*contain green pigment
*plant cells only |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
flattened membranous sacs
conversion of sun's energy into chemical energy in organic compounds (occurs in thylakoids) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| groups of cells that carry out a specific function |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| tissues that interact to perform a specific function |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a group of organs that work together to perform a set of related tasks |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| cells in colonies that may have specialized in performing functions |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the movement of substances across the membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
passive transport:
movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the difference in the concentration of molecules across a space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| concentration of molecules is the same throughout the space the molecules occupy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
passive transport:
water molecules move across a membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the concentration of solute molecules outside the cell is lower than the concentration inside the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
when the concentration of solute molecules outside the cell is higher than the concentration inside the cell
|
|
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Term
|
Definition
when the concentration of solute molecules outside the cell is equal to the concentration inside the cell
|
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Term
|
Definition
| an organelle in protists that remove water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the pressure that water molecules exert against the cell wall |
|
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Term
|
Definition
when turgor pressure is lost- when too much water leaves cells through osmosis
*plants wilt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
when turgor pressure is too much- when too much water enters the cells through osmosis
*plants swell- burst
|
|
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Term
|
Definition
passive transport
carrier proteins assist molecules in diffusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| assist molecules in facilitated diffusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
passive transport
a membrane protein that provides a passageway across the cell membrane through which an ion can diffuse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells move materials up concentration gradient- from an are of low concentration to an are of high concentration |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an organelle that is created when a pouch of particles pinches off the cell membrane |
|
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Term
|
Definition
active transport
involves the transport of small solutes or fluids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
active transport
the movement of large particles or whole cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cell that engages in phagocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vesicles in the cytoplasm fuse with the cell membrane- releasing contents into cells external |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| all chromosomes other than sex chromosomes |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the place where chromosomes are joined together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uncoiled- part of chromosome (during cell division) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a cell that contains both chromosomes of the homologous pair
*2N |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a cell that contains one chromosome of the homologous pair
*1N |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| protein that DNA wraps around |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two copies of each autosome (same: size, shape, carry genes for same trait) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| photomicrograph of chromosomes found in a dividing cell |
|
|
Term
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Definition
| results in new cells with genetic material that are identical to that of the original cell |
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Term
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Definition
| reduces the number of chromosomes by a half in the new cells (double the steps) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the time between cell divisions |
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Term
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Definition
| mitosis/meiosis: the nucleus of the cell divides |
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Term
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Definition
| the division of the cytoplasm of the cell, organelles are divided evenly |
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Term
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Definition
first phase: "prep"-
chromosomes form, and nuclear membrane disappears, centrioles, and spindle fibers form |
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Term
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Definition
structure that appears during mitosis- at either ends of cell connect to spindle fibers
*not found in plant chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
radiate from the chromosomes and control the movement of chromosomes
*made of microtubules |
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Term
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Definition
| extend across cell from centrosome to centrosome |
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Term
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Definition
| second step: "middle"- chromosomes are moved to the center of the cell (by spindle fibers) |
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Term
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Definition
| third step: "apart"- centromere of each chromosome divides and chromatids move to opposite poles |
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Term
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Definition
| fourth step: "tear"- chromatids unwind (cromatins), nuclear membrane forms |
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Term
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Definition
form membrane-bound cell wall- vesicles fuse at midline: dividing the cell
*in plant cells only |
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Term
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Definition
| the paring of homologous chromosomes (doesn't occur in mitosis) |
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Term
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Definition
| each pair of homologous chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| portions of chromatids may break off and attach to adjacent chromatids on the homologous chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
a new mixture of genetic material
*occurs from crossing-over/independent assortment |
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Term
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Definition
| the random separation of homologous chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the passing of characteristics from parent to offspring |
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Term
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Definition
phenotype
ex. height, color, size |
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Term
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Definition
| field of biology devoted to understand how characteristics are transmitted from parents to offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when pollen grains (produced in male reproductive parts- anthers) are transfered to the female reproductive parts (stigma) |
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Term
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Definition
| male reproductive parts in a plant |
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Term
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Definition
| female reproductive parts in a plant |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when pollen is transfered from an anther to a stigma on the same plant (another flower) or on the same flower |
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Term
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Definition
| involves flowers of two separate plants |
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Term
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Definition
| always produce offspring with that trait |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of plants that are pure for a specific trait |
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Term
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Definition
| a strain obtained through self pollination |
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Term
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Definition
| the offspring of the cross-pollinated P1 generation |
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Term
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Definition
| the offspring of the self-pollinated F1 generation |
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Term
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Definition
| the trait may mask the other |
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Term
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Definition
| the trait that may be masked |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| law of independent assortment |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the study of structure and function of chromosomes and genes |
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Term
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Definition
| each of several forms of alternative forms of a gene |
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Term
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Definition
| the genetic makeup of an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| the physical makeup of an organism (appearance) |
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Term
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Definition
when both alleles of a pair are alike
ex. AA or aa |
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Term
|
Definition
when the two alleles in the pair are different
ex. Aa |
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Term
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Definition
| the likelihood that a specific event will occur |
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Term
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Definition
| a cross between individuals that one pair of contrasting traits |
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Term
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Definition
| aid biologists in predicting the probability that certain traits will be inherited by the offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| the ratio of genotypes that appear in the offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| the ratio of the phenotypes that appear in the offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| unknown: homozygous?/heterozygous? crossed with a homozygous recessive individual |
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Term
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Definition
two or more alleles influence the phenotype- no allele is dominant over the other
result: phenotype that shows a blend of each of the parents
*all CAPS |
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Term
|
Definition
two or more alleles influence the phenotype- no allele is dominant over the other
result: phenotype shows some of each parent (NOT a blend)
*all CAPS |
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Term
|
Definition
| a cross between individuals that involves two pairs of contrasting traits |
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Term
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Definition
| results in the formation of a protein- activation of a gene |
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Term
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Definition
| all the genetic info contained in an individual |
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Term
|
Definition
| a segment of DNA that recognizes RNA polymerse- promotes transcription |
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Term
|
Definition
| development of cells with different functions |
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Term
|
Definition
| organisms develop organs and tissues to produce a characteristic form |
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Term
| What happens when a malignant tumor undergoes metastasis? |
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Definition
| the tumor (cancer) cells break away and travel to other parts of the body, where they begin forming new tumors- invade healthy cells |
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Term
| three commonly known carcinogens: |
|
Definition
-tobacco
-asbestos
-ionizing radiation (x-rays) |
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Term
| What does it mean for a person to be "genetically predisposed" to cancer? |
|
Definition
| When cancer "runs in the family", some families exhibit higher-than-average rates of certain cancers, the cancer could be in their genes (mutation in gametes)- can be passed to offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| the changing of molecular genetics for practical purposes |
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Term
|
Definition
| used to cut DNA into more manageable pieces |
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Term
|
Definition
| a ring of DNA found in a bacterium |
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Term
|
Definition
| combination of DNA from two or more sources |
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Term
|
Definition
| bands- make a pattern of fragments from an individuals DNA (no two individuals DNA is identical) |
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Term
| How is natural selection affected by genetic engineering? |
|
Definition
| everyone is best (can be engineered to be best) adapted to their environment- natural selection wouldn't exist, or it would reach to a higher level |
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Term
How is gene therapy used to treat cystic fibrosis?
Why can't it cure cystic fibrosis? |
|
Definition
1. nasal spray: temp. gene
2. cannot take out gene and replace- can still pass on to offspring |
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Term
|
Definition
deoxyribose-
(double) sugar molecule in DNA
nitrogen-containing base
phosphate group
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|
Term
four nitrogen-containing bases:
(bonds with?) |
|
Definition
adenine--thymine
guanine---cytosine |
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Term
|
Definition
double ring of C and N
adenine
guanine |
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Term
|
Definition
single ring of C and N
thymine
cytosine |
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Term
|
Definition
| shape of DNA: two nucleotide chains wrapped around each other with histones- spiral staircase |
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Term
complementary base pairs
base-pairing rules |
|
Definition
cytosine---guanine
adenine--thymine
describe this behavior of bases |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process of copying DNA |
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Term
|
Definition
| the point at which two DNA chains separate |
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Term
|
Definition
| separate the two DNA chains |
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Term
|
Definition
| bind the (newly formed) separated chains of DNA |
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Term
|
Definition
| a change in the nucleotide sequence (at even one location) |
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Term
|
Definition
ribose
(sugar molecule)
nitrogen-containing base
phosphate group
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|
Term
| RNA differences than DNA: |
|
Definition
-ribose (deoxyribose)
-uracil (thymine)
-single strand (double helix) |
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Term
|
Definition
| bonds with adenine, replaces thymine |
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Term
|
Definition
| messenger RNA: single strand, carries genetic info from DNA (nucleus) to cytoplasm |
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Term
|
Definition
| transfer RNA: single strand folded back on itself, matched mRNA codon- binds to specific amino acids |
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Term
|
Definition
| ribosomal RNA: globular form, ribosome- enzymes join chains of amino acids |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process by which genetic info in copied from DNA to RNA |
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Term
|
Definition
| main enzyme- binds RNA, initiates transcription |
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Term
|
Definition
| RNA polymerase reaches signal to end transcription and send RNA into cytoplasm |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| used by most organisms to translate mRNA transcripts into proteins |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| each combination of three mRNA nucleotides |
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Term
|
Definition
| engages a ribosome to start translation mRNA |
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Term
|
Definition
| cause the ribosome to stop translation an mRNA |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process of assembling polypeptides from info encoded in mRNA |
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Term
|
Definition
| sequence of three nucleotides on tRNA that matches (opposite) codon on mRNA, codes for a specific amino acid |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ribonucleic acid: synthesizes proteins |
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