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Biology: Semester 1 Exam
Vocab. from Unit 1, 2, 3, & 4 Tests
346
Biology
9th Grade
01/11/2010

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Term
organism
Definition
living thing
Term
biology
Definition
the science of life
Term
unicellular
Definition
organisms composed of only one cell
Term
multicellular
Definition
organisms composed of one or more cell
Term
differentiation
Definition
cells become different from each other when multiplied, followed various roles supplied by their genetic instructions
Term
reproduction
Definition
organisms ability to produce new organisms
Term
DNA
Definition
Deoxyribonucleic Acid: the hereditary info in a cell in the form of a large molecule
Term
gene
Definition
DNA that contains the instructions for the development of a single trait
Term
sexual reproduction
Definition
hereditary info from two organisms of the same species is combined
Term
asexual reproduction
Definition
hereditary info from one organism is split in half
Term
evolve
Definition
change over generations
Term
ecology
Definition
the study of organisms interactions with other organisms and their environment
Term
ecosystems
Definition
environmental communities
Term
photosynthesis
Definition
plants and some unicellular organisms capture energy from the sun and change it into a form of energy that can be used by living things
Term
autotrophs
Definition
organisms that obtain their energy by making their own food
Term
heterotrophs
Definition
organisms that must take in food to meet their energy requirements
Term
homeostasis
Definition
a stable level of eternal conditions
Term
metabolism
Definition
the sum of all chemical processes that occur in an organism
Term
cell division
Definition
the formation of two cells from an existing cell
Term
development
Definition
the process by which an adult organism arises
Term
data
Definition
all/any of the information scientists gather in trying to answer their question
Term
observation
Definition

typically employs one or more of the 5 senses

Term
sampling
Definition
technique of using a small part of a population to represent the whole
Term
hypothesis
Definition
explains their observations and data that can be tested
Term
prediction
Definition
statement made in advance that states the results that will be obtained from testing a hypothesis
Term
experiment
Definition
process of testing a hypothesis/prediction by gathering data under controlled conditions
Term
controlled expirment
Definition
based on the comparison of a control group with an experimental group
Term
control group
Definition
variable that does not change
Term
experimental
Definition
variable that is being tested
Term
independent variable
Definition
the difference in the control and experimental group
Term
dependent variable
Definition
variable who's value depends on that of the independent variable
Term
model
Definition
an explanation supported by data
Term
inference
Definition
a conclusion made on the basis of facts rather than on direct observations
Term
theory
Definition
a broad comprehensive statement of what is thought to be true
Term
microscope
Definition
an instrument that produces an enlarged image of an object
Term
magnification
Definition
the increase of an objects apparent size
Term
resolution
Definition
the power to show details clearly
Term
compound light microscope
Definition
to see small organisms (school microscope)
Term
power of magnification
Definition
the factor of enlargement
Term
electron microscope
Definition
beams of electrons produce an enlarged image
Term
transmission electron microscope
Definition

transmits beams of electrons through very thinly sliced specimen

*magnify up to 200,000 times

*cannot view live specimens

Term
scanning electron microscope
Definition

provided 3-D images of specimans

*magnify up to 100,000 times

*cannot be used to view live specimens

Term
base units
Definition
in SI that describe length
Term
SI
Definition
International System of Measurment
Term
derived units
Definition
produced by mathematical relationship between to base units or derived units
Term
matter
Definition
anything that occupies space and has mass
Term
mass
Definition
the quantity of matter an object has
Term
elements
Definition
pure substances that cannot be broken down chemically into simpler kinds of matter
Term
atom
Definition
the simplest particle of an element that retains all the properties of that element
Term
nucleus
Definition
central core of an atom, consists of: protons and neutrons
Term
proton
Definition
positive electrical charge
Term
neutron
Definition
no electrical charge
Term
atomic number
Definition
the number of protons in an atom
Term
electrons
Definition

negative electrical charge

*outside the nucleus

Term
energy levels
Definition
holds electrons outside the nucleus, (from inside out) 1st level- 2 electrons 2nd through 8th levels can hold up to 8 electrons
Term
compound
Definition
a pure substance that is made of atoms of two or more elements
Term
chemical reactions
Definition
combining in ways that cause atoms to become stable
Term
bonds
Definition
attachments
Term
covalent bond
Definition
forms when two atoms share two or more pairs of electrons
Term
molecule
Definition
the simplest part of a substance that retains all the properties of the substance and that can exist in a free state
Term
ion
Definition
an atom or molecule with a charge (+ or -)
Term
ionic bond
Definition
positive and negative ions attract each other
Term
energy
Definition
the ability to do work or cause change
Term
free energy
Definition
energy in a system that is available for work
Term
state
Definition
solid, liquid, or gas
Term
reactants
Definition
left side of the equation
Term
products
Definition
right side of the equation
Term
exergonic reaction
Definition
chemical reactions that involve a net release of free energy
Term
endergonic reactions
Definition
chemical reactions that involve a net absorption of free energy
Term
activation energy
Definition
the amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction
Term
catalysts
Definition
reduce the amount of activation energy needed for a reaction
Term
enzymes
Definition
catalysts in living things
Term
redox reactions
Definition
reactions in which electrons are transfered between atoms
Term
oxidation reaction
Definition
a reactant loses one or more electrons- becoming positive
Term
reduction reaction
Definition
a reactant gains one or more electrons- becoming negative
Term
solution
Definition
a mixture in which one or more substances are distributed into another substance
Term
solute
Definition
the substance dissolved in the solvent
Term
solvent
Definition

the substance in which the solute is dissolved

ex. water

Term
concentration
Definition
the amount of solute dissolved in a fixed amount of solution
Term
saturated solution
Definition
a solution in which no more solute can be dissolved
Term
Aqueous Solution
Definition
a solution in which water is the solvent
Term
dissociation
Definition
the breaking apart of water molecules to form two ions of opposite charge ( H3O+ and OH-)
Term
hydroxide ion
Definition
OH- 
Term
hydronium ion
Definition
H30+ ion
Term
acid
Definition

 a solution where the number of hydronium ions is greater than the number of hydroxide ions

*sour taste

Term
base or alkaline
Definition

a solution where the number of hydroxide ions is greater than the number of hydronium ions

*bitter taste

*feels slippery

Term
pH Scale
Definition

a scale for comparing the relative concentrations of hydronium and hydroxide ions

0= very acidic

7= neutral (water)

14= very basic

*ranges from 0-14

Term
buffers
Definition
chemical substances that neutralize small amounts of acid/base added to a solution
Term
Biogenesis
Definition
principal- states: all living thing come from other living things
Term
Spontaneous Generation
Definition

principal- states: living things could arise from nonliving things

(INCORRECT)

Term
Half-life
Definition
the length of time it takes for one-half of any size sample of an isotope to decay 
Term
isotope
Definition
atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons they contain
Term
mass number
Definition
the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
Term
radioactive dating
Definition
method of establishing the age of materials: measure the amount of radioactive isotope contained in the nucleus compared to pre-calculated rates of decay
Term
radioactive decay
Definition
isotopes that have unstable nuclei undergo decay- their nuclei release particles/radiant energy
Term
radioactive isotope
Definition
isotopes that undergo radioactive decay- rates of decay have been determined for many isotopes
Term
chemosynthesis
Definition
CO2 serves as a Carbon source for the assembly of organic molecules
Term
endosymbiosis
Definition
idea that eukaryotes started off as an invasion of prokaryotes- gave rise to individual organelles (ex. Mitochondria)
Term
biogeography
Definition
the study of geographical distribution of fossils and living organisms
Term
cast
Definition
a rocklike model of an organism (filled with hard minerals)
Term
fossil
Definition
a trace of a long-dead organism
Term
law of superposition
Definition
states that the successive layers of rock or soil were deposed on top of one another by water/wind, the lowest stratum is the oldest- the top layer is the most recent 
Term
mold
Definition
an imprint in rock in the shape of an organism (impression)
Term
relative age
Definition
if a fossil is older or younger than another given fossil
Term
sediment
Definition
forms layers of sedimentary rock are formed when sand, dust, or mud are deposited by wind/water
Term
acquired trait
Definition
one that is not determined by genes, arises during the organisms lifetime- result of experience or behavior
Term
adapt
Definition
organisms change (over time) to help them survive in their environment as their proportion of genes for favorable traits increases
Term
adaptive advantage
Definition
a beneficial trait said to give the organism that has it an advantage
Term
fitness
Definition
in an evolving population, a  single organism's genetic contribution to the next generation
Term
natural selection
Definition
organisms best suited to their environment reproduce more successfully than other organisms
Term
population
Definition
interbreeding single-species group
Term
adaptive radiation
Definition
type of divergent evolution: many related species evolve from a single ancestral species
Term
analogous
Definition
different in physical anatomy, similar in function
Term
coevolution
Definition
the change of two or more species in close association with each other
Term
convergent evolution
Definition
unrelated species become more and more similar in appearance because of the environment they live in
Term
divergent evolution
Definition
two or more related species become more and more dissimilar over time
Term
homologous
Definition
similar in physical anatomy, can vary in function
Term
vestigal
Definition
structures that no longer have a useful function in an organism
Term
allele frequency
Definition
determined by: dividing the number of a certain allele/ by the total number of alleles in the population
Term
gene pool
Definition
the total genetic information in a population
Term
Hardy-Weinberg genetic equilibrium
Definition

based on genetic equilibrium:

1. no mutations occur

2. individuals neither enter, nor leave the population

3. the population is large

4. individuals mate randomly

5. natural selection does not occur

Term
phenotypic frequency
Definition
equal to the number of individuals with a particular phenotype / divided by the total number of individuals in the population
Term
morphology
Definition
the internal structure and appearance of an organism
Term
bionomial nomenclature
Definition
the system of two-part names
Term
The Levels of Classification
Definition
Kingdom, Phylum/Division, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Term
phylogeny
Definition
evolutionary history
Term
species identifier
Definition
second part of an organisms scientific name- usually a descriptive word
Term
species name
Definition
two parts: Genus species
Term
subspecies
Definition
variations in a species (occur in different regions of the world)
Term
taxonomy
Definition
branch of biology that names and groups organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history
Term
varieties
Definition
split subspecies into subsets
Term
cladistics
Definition
uses derived characteristics to establish evolutionary relationships
Term
cladogram
Definition
ancestry diagrams made by means of cladistics
Term
derived character
Definition
a feature that apparently evolved only within a certain group
Term
phylogenetic tree
Definition
a family tree that shows the evolutionary relationships thought to exist among groups of organisms
Term
systematics
Definition
organizes the diversity of living organisms in the context of evolution
Term
domain
Definition
three broad groups: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
Term
domain archaea
Definition

a.k.a. archaebacteria

ex. bacteria

prokaryotic

unicellular

no tissue organization

autotrophic/heterotrophic

binary fission/some sexual reproduction

-found in harsh environments

-"ancient"

-mostly anaerobic

-clean up "spills"

Term
Moneran Archaebacteria
Definition

 

ex. bacteria

prokaryotic

unicellular

no tissue organization

autotrophic/heterotrophic

binary fission/some sexual reproduction

-found in harsh environments

-"ancient"

-mostly anaerobic

-clean up "spills"

 

Term
domain bacteria
Definition

a.k.a. eubacteria ex. bacteria

ex. bacteria

prokaryotic

unicellular

no tissue organization

autotrophic/heterotrophic

binary fission/some sexual reproduction

-cause human disease

-mostly aerobic

Term
Moneran Eubacteria
Definition

ex. bacteria

prokaryotic

unicellular

no tissue organization

autotrophic/heterotrophic

binary fission/some sexual reproduction

-cause human disease

-mostly aerobic

Term
domain eukarya
Definition

a.k.a. protista, fungi, plantae, animalia

eukaryotic

have nuclei- chromosomes, membrane-bound organelles

 

Term
Protista
Definition

ex. kelp

eukaryotic

unicellular/multicellular

no tissue organization

autotrophic/heterotrophic

mostly sexual reproduction

Term
Fungi
Definition

ex. mushrooms

 

eukaryotic

unicellular/multicellular

tissue organization

heterotrophic

mostly sexual reproduction

 

Term
Plantae
Definition

eukaryotic

multicellular

tissue organization

autotrophic

mostly sexual reproduction

 

Term
Animalia
Definition

 

eukaryotic

multicellular

tissue organization

heterotrophic

mostly sexual reproduction (a few exceptions)

 

 

Term
polar
Definition

ex. water

uneven pattern of charge

[negative at top, positive at (2) bottom]

Term
hydrogen bond
Definition
the type of attraction that holds two water molecules together
Term
cohesion
Definition
an attractive force between particles of the same kind
Term
adhesion
Definition
an attractive force between unlike substances
Term
capillarity
Definition
together cohesion+adhesion=capillarity- enable water molecules to move upward against the force of gravity
Term
organic compounds
Definition
contain carbon atoms that are covalently bonded to other carbon atoms/elements
Term
functional groups
Definition
structural building block that determines the characteristics of the compound
Term
alcohol
Definition
organic compound with a hydroxyl group attached to one if its carbon atoms
Term
monomers
Definition
simpler molecules that build up the molecules
Term
polymer
Definition
complex molecules- consists of repeated linked units
Term
macromolecules
Definition
large polymers
Term
condensation reaction
Definition
monomers link to form polymers through a chemical reaction
Term
hydrolysis
Definition

the breakdown of complex molecules (such as polymers)

*reversal of condensation reaction

Term
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Definition
a molecule present in all living things and acting as an energy source for metabolic processes
Term
carbohydrates
Definition
organic compounds composed of C, H, and O
Term
monosaccharide
Definition

simple sugar

a monomer of a carbohydrate 

Term
isomers
Definition
compounds that have a single chemical formula but different forms
Term
disaccharide
Definition
double sugar- forms when two monosaccharides combine
Term
polysaccharide
Definition
complex molecule- formed when three or more monosaccharides combine
Term
amino acids
Definition
the monomers of proteins, composed of: C, H, O, and N
Term
dipeptide
Definition
the formation of two amino acids bonded together by a condensation reaction
Term
peptide bond
Definition
a covalent bond between two amino acids
Term
polypeptide
Definition
a long chain of several amino acids
Term
substrate
Definition
the reactant being catalyzed 
Term
Lipids
Definition
large nonpolar organic molecules that do not dissolve in water, composed of C, H, and O
Term
fatty acids
Definition
unbranched carbon chains that make up most lipids
Term
hydrophilic
Definition

means: "water-loving"

(one end of the the fatty-acid molecule)

Term
hydrophobic
Definition

means: "water-fearing"

(other end of the fatty-acid molecule)

Term
triglyceride
Definition
composed of three molecules of fatty acid joined to one molecule of the alcohol glycerol
Term
phospholipids
Definition
have two fatty acids joined together by a molecule of glycerol
Term
wax
Definition
a type of lipid
Term
steroid
Definition
molecules are composed of four fused C rings with various  functional groups attached to them
Term
nucleic acids
Definition
large and complex organic molecules that store important information in the cell
Term
RNA
Definition
Ribonucleic acid: stores and transfers information that is essential for the manufacturing of proteins
Term
nucleotides
Definition
monomers of DNA and RNA, made of: a phosphate group, nitrogen base, and five-carbon sugar
Term
cell
Definition
the smallest unit of matter that can carry on all the processes of life
Term
cell theory
Definition
all living things are composed of one or more cells, cells are that basic units of structure and function in an organism, cells come only from the reproduction of existing cells
Term
organelles
Definition
a cell component that performs specific functions for the cell
Term
cell membrane
Definition
a thin membrane surrounding the entire cell
Term
nucleus
Definition
directs cell activities, contains the majority of the cells genetic information
Term
eukaryotes
Definition
cells that contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Term
prokaryotes
Definition
cells with no apparent nucleus and no membrane-bound organelles
Term
selectively permeable
Definition
the cell membrane controls the ease with substances, controls which substances enter and leave the cells
Term
peripheral proteins
Definition
located on the interior/exterior of the cell membrane
Term
integral proteins
Definition
proteins embedded in the lipid bilayer
Term
fluid mosaic model
Definition
model to describe the cell membrane
Term
cytoplasm
Definition
between cell membrane and nucleus- contains various organelles, bathed in cytosol
Term
cytosol
Definition
makes up cytoplasm: salts, minerals, and organic molecules
Term
mitochondria
Definition
organelle that is the site of aerobic respiration in eukaryotic cells
Term
cristae
Definition
inner membrane of mitochondria- many long folds
Term
ribosomes
Definition
an organelles that controls the synthesis of proteins
Term
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Definition

covered in robosomes

exports/imports proteins

Term
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Definition

synthesis of steroid glands, regulation of calcium levels in muscle cells, the breakdown of toxic substances by liver cels

 

Term
endoplasmic reticulum
Definition
intracellular highway
Term
golgi apparatus
Definition
processing, packaging, and secreting
Term
lysosomes
Definition

digest proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, DNA, RNA, viruses/bacteria

*not common in plant cells

Term
cytoskeleton
Definition
a network of long protein strands located in cytosol, participate in movement of organelles in cytoplasm, support to the cell
Term
microtubules/microfiliments
Definition

part of cytoskeleton:

a network of long protein strands located in cytosol, participate in movement of organelles in cytoplasm, support to the cell

Term
actin
Definition
threads of proteins that make up microfilaments
Term
spindle fibers
Definition
bundles of microtubules, assist during cell division (extend across the cell)
Term
cilia/flagella
Definition

hairlike organelles that assist in cell movement

cilia- short, surround cell

flagella- long whip-like tail

Term
nuclear matrix
Definition
maintains the shape of the nucleus
Term
nuclear envelope
Definition
double membrane surrounding the nucleus
Term
chromatin
Definition
a combination of DNA and protein
Term
chromosomes
Definition
coiled chromatin
Term
nuclear pores
Definition
small holes in the nuclear enevlope
Term
nucleolus
Definition
site where ribosomes are synthesized and partially assembled before they pass through the nuclear pores to the cytosol 
Term
cell wall
Definition

covers cells- outside cell membrane

*plant cells only

Term
vacuoles
Definition

store enzymes and metabolic wastes

*plant cells only

Term
plastids
Definition

chloroplasts

convert sun's energy into chemical energy in organic compounds

Term
chloroplasts
Definition

convert sun's energy into chemical energy in organic compounds

*contain green pigment

*plant cells only

Term
thylakoids
Definition

flattened membranous sacs

conversion of sun's energy into chemical energy in organic compounds (occurs in thylakoids)

Term
tissues
Definition
groups of cells that carry out a specific function
Term
organ
Definition
tissues that interact to perform a specific function
Term
organ system
Definition
a group of organs that work together to perform a set of related tasks
Term
colonial organisms
Definition
cells in colonies that may have specialized in performing functions
Term
passive transport
Definition
the movement of substances across the membrane
Term
diffusion
Definition

passive transport:

movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Term
concentration gradient
Definition
the difference in the concentration of molecules across a space
Term
equilibrium
Definition
concentration of molecules is the same throughout the space the molecules occupy
Term
osmosis
Definition

passive transport:

water molecules move across a membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Term
hypotonic
Definition
when the concentration of solute molecules outside the cell is lower than the concentration inside the cell
Term
hypertonic
Definition

when the concentration of solute molecules outside the cell is higher than the concentration inside the cell

Term
isotonic
Definition

when the concentration of solute molecules outside the cell is equal to the concentration inside the cell

Term
contractile vacuole
Definition
an organelle in protists that remove water
Term
turgor pressure
Definition
the pressure that water molecules exert against the cell wall
Term
plasmolysis
Definition

when turgor pressure is lost- when too much water leaves cells through osmosis

*plants wilt

Term
cytolysis
Definition

when turgor pressure is too much- when too much water enters the cells through osmosis

*plants swell- burst

Term
facilitated diffusion
Definition

passive transport

carrier proteins assist molecules in diffusion

Term
carrier proteins
Definition
assist molecules in facilitated diffusion
Term
ion channels
Definition

passive transport

a membrane protein that provides a passageway across the cell membrane through which an ion can diffuse

Term
active transport
Definition
cells move materials up concentration gradient- from an are of low concentration to an are of high concentration
Term
sodium-potassium pump
Definition

active transport

 

Term
vesicle
Definition
an organelle that is created when a pouch of particles pinches off the cell membrane
Term
pinocytosis
Definition

active transport

involves the transport of small solutes or fluids

Term
phagocytosis
Definition

active transport

the movement of large particles or whole cells

Term
phagocytes
Definition
a cell that engages in phagocytes
Term
exocytosis
Definition
vesicles in the cytoplasm fuse with the cell membrane- releasing contents into cells external
Term
autosome
Definition
all chromosomes other than sex chromosomes
Term
centromere
Definition
the place where chromosomes are joined together
Term
chromatid
Definition
uncoiled- part of chromosome (during cell division)
Term

diploid

*notation?

Definition

a cell that contains both chromosomes of the homologous pair

*2N

Term

hapliod

*notation?

Definition

a cell that contains one chromosome of the homologous pair

*1N

Term
histone
Definition
protein that DNA wraps around
Term
homologous chromosome
Definition
two copies of each autosome (same: size, shape, carry genes for same trait)
Term
karyotype
Definition
photomicrograph of chromosomes found in a dividing cell
Term
mitosis
Definition
results in new cells with genetic material that are identical to that of the original cell
Term
meiosis
Definition
reduces the number of chromosomes by a half in the new cells (double the steps)
Term
cell cycle
Definition
[image]
Term
interphase
Definition
the time between cell divisions
Term
M phase
Definition
mitosis/meiosis: the nucleus of the cell divides
Term
cytokinesis
Definition
the division of the cytoplasm of the cell, organelles are divided evenly
Term
prophase
Definition

first phase: "prep"-

chromosomes form, and nuclear membrane disappears, centrioles, and spindle fibers form

Term
centrioles
Definition

structure that appears during mitosis- at either ends of cell connect to spindle fibers

*not found in plant chromosomes

Term
spindle fibers
Definition

radiate from the chromosomes and control the movement of chromosomes

*made of microtubules

Term
polar fibers
Definition
extend across cell from centrosome to centrosome
Term
metaphase
Definition
second step: "middle"- chromosomes are moved to the center of the cell (by spindle fibers)
Term
anaphase
Definition
third step: "apart"- centromere of each chromosome divides and chromatids move to opposite poles
Term
telophase
Definition
fourth step: "tear"- chromatids unwind (cromatins), nuclear membrane forms 
Term
cell plate
Definition

form membrane-bound cell wall- vesicles fuse at midline: dividing the cell

*in plant cells only

Term
synapsis
Definition
the paring of homologous chromosomes (doesn't occur in mitosis)
Term
tetrad
Definition
each pair of homologous chromosomes
Term
crossing-over
Definition
portions of chromatids may break off and attach to adjacent chromatids on the homologous chromosome
Term
genetic recombination
Definition

a new mixture of genetic material

*occurs from crossing-over/independent assortment

Term
independent assortment
Definition
the random separation of homologous chromosomes
Term
polar body
Definition
Term
hereditary
Definition
the passing of characteristics from parent to offspring
Term
traits
Definition

phenotype

 ex. height, color, size

Term
genetics
Definition
field of biology devoted to understand how characteristics are transmitted from parents to offspring
Term
pollination
Definition
occurs when pollen grains (produced in male reproductive parts- anthers) are transfered to the female reproductive parts (stigma) 
Term
anther
Definition
male reproductive parts in a plant
Term
stigma
Definition
female reproductive parts in a plant
Term
self-pollination
Definition
occurs when pollen is transfered from an anther to a stigma on the same plant (another flower) or on the same flower
Term
cross-pollination
Definition
involves flowers of two separate plants
Term
pure
Definition
always produce offspring with that trait
Term
strain
Definition
a group of plants that are pure for a specific trait
Term
P1 generation
Definition
a strain obtained through self pollination
Term
F1 generation
Definition
the offspring of the cross-pollinated P1 generation
Term
F2 generation
Definition
the offspring of the self-pollinated F1 generation
Term
dominant
Definition
the trait may mask the other
Term
recessive
Definition
the trait that may be masked
Term
law of segregation
Definition
Term
law of independent assortment
Definition
Term
molecular genetics
Definition
the study of structure and function of chromosomes and genes
Term
allele
Definition
each of several forms of alternative forms of a gene
Term
genotype
Definition
the genetic makeup of an organism
Term
phenotype
Definition
the physical makeup of an organism (appearance)
Term
homozygous
Definition

when both alleles of a pair are alike

ex. AA or aa

Term
heterozygous
Definition

when the two alleles in the pair are different

ex. Aa

Term
probability
Definition
the likelihood that a specific event will occur
Term
monohybrid cross
Definition
a cross between individuals that one pair of contrasting traits
Term
punnett square
Definition
aid biologists in predicting the probability that certain traits will be inherited by the offspring
Term
genotypic ratio
Definition
the ratio of genotypes that appear in the offspring
Term
phenotypic ratio
Definition
the ratio of the phenotypes that appear in the offspring
Term
testcross
Definition
unknown: homozygous?/heterozygous? crossed with a homozygous recessive individual
Term
incomplete dominance
Definition

two or more alleles influence the phenotype- no allele is dominant over the other

result: phenotype that shows a blend of each of the parents

*all CAPS

Term
codominance
Definition

two or more alleles influence the phenotype- no allele is dominant over the other

result: phenotype shows some of each parent (NOT a blend)

*all CAPS

Term
dihybrid cross
Definition
a cross between individuals that involves two pairs of contrasting traits
Term
gene expression
Definition
results in the formation of a protein- activation of a gene
Term
genome
Definition
all the genetic info contained in an individual
Term
promoter
Definition
a segment of DNA that recognizes RNA polymerse- promotes transcription
Term
cell differentiation
Definition
development of cells with different functions
Term
morphogenesis
Definition
organisms develop organs and tissues to produce a characteristic form
Term
What happens when a malignant tumor undergoes metastasis?
Definition
the tumor (cancer) cells break away and travel to other parts of the body, where they begin forming new tumors- invade healthy cells
Term
three commonly known carcinogens:
Definition

-tobacco

-asbestos

-ionizing radiation (x-rays)

Term
What does it mean for a person to be "genetically predisposed" to cancer?
Definition
When cancer "runs in the family", some families exhibit higher-than-average rates of certain cancers, the cancer could be in their genes (mutation in gametes)- can be passed to offspring
Term
genetic engineering
Definition
the changing of molecular genetics for practical purposes
Term
restriction enzymes
Definition
used to cut DNA into more manageable pieces
Term
plasmid
Definition
a ring of DNA found in a bacterium
Term
recombinant DNA
Definition
combination of DNA from two or more sources
Term
DNA fingerprint
Definition
bands- make a pattern of fragments from an individuals DNA (no two individuals DNA is identical)
Term
How is natural selection affected by genetic engineering?
Definition
everyone is best (can be engineered to be best) adapted to their environment- natural selection wouldn't exist, or it would reach to a higher level
Term

How is gene therapy used to treat cystic fibrosis?

Why can't it cure cystic fibrosis?

Definition

1. nasal spray: temp. gene

2. cannot take out gene and replace- can still pass on to offspring

Term
three parts of DNA:
Definition

deoxyribose-

(double) sugar molecule in DNA

nitrogen-containing base

phosphate group

Term

four nitrogen-containing bases:

(bonds with?)

Definition

adenine--thymine

guanine---cytosine

Term
purines
Definition

double ring of C and N

adenine

guanine

Term
pyrimidines
Definition

single ring of C and N

thymine

cytosine

Term
double helix
Definition
shape of DNA: two nucleotide chains wrapped around each other with histones- spiral staircase
Term

complementary base pairs

 

base-pairing rules

Definition

cytosine---guanine

adenine--thymine

 

describe this behavior of bases

Term
replication
Definition
the process of copying DNA
Term
replication fork
Definition
the point at which two DNA chains separate
Term
helicases
Definition
separate the two DNA chains
Term
DNA polymerse
Definition
bind the (newly formed) separated chains of DNA
Term
mutation
Definition
a change in the nucleotide sequence (at even one location)
Term
three parts of RNA:
Definition

ribose

(sugar molecule)

nitrogen-containing base

phosphate group

 

Term
RNA differences than DNA:
Definition

-ribose (deoxyribose)

-uracil (thymine)

-single strand (double helix)

Term
uracil
Definition
bonds with adenine, replaces thymine
Term
mRNA
Definition
messenger RNA: single strand, carries genetic info from DNA (nucleus) to cytoplasm
Term
tRNA
Definition
transfer RNA: single strand folded back on itself, matched mRNA codon- binds to specific amino acids
Term
rRNA
Definition
ribosomal RNA: globular form, ribosome- enzymes join chains of amino acids
Term
transcription
Definition
the process by which genetic info in copied from DNA to RNA
Term
RNA polymerse
Definition
main enzyme- binds RNA, initiates transcription
Term
termination signal
Definition
RNA polymerase reaches signal to end transcription and send RNA into cytoplasm
Term
genetic code
Definition
used by most organisms to translate mRNA transcripts into proteins
Term
codon
Definition
each combination of three mRNA nucleotides
Term
start codon
Definition
engages a ribosome to start translation mRNA
Term
stop codon
Definition
cause the ribosome to stop translation an mRNA
Term
translation
Definition
the process of assembling polypeptides from info encoded in mRNA
Term
anticodon
Definition
sequence of three nucleotides on tRNA that matches (opposite) codon on mRNA, codes for a specific amino acid
Term
RNA
Definition
Ribonucleic acid: synthesizes proteins
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