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| a procedure for sampling the amniotic fluid surrounding a fetus; a sterile needle is inserted through the abdominal wall, uterus, and amniotic sac of a pregnant woman, and 10 to 20 milliliters of fluid are withdrawn. various tests may be performed on the fluid and the fetal cells suspended in it to provide information on the development and genetic state of the fetus |
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| any industrial or commercial use or alteration of organisms, cells, or biological molecules to achieve specific practical goals |
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| chorionic villus sampling: a procedure for sampling cells from the chorionic villi produced by a fetus: a tube is inserted into the uterus of a pregnant woman, and a small sample of villi is suctioned off for genetic and biochemical analyses |
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| a sequence of nucleotides that is complementary to the nucleotide sequence of a gene or other segment of DNA under study; used to locate the gene or DNA segment during gel electrophoresis or other methods of DNA analysis |
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| the pattern of short tandem repeats of specific DNA segments; using a standardized set of 13 short tandem repeats, DNA profiles identify individual people with great accuracy |
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| a technique in which molecules (such as DNA fragments) are placed in wells in a thin sheet of gelatinous material and exposed to an electric field; the molecules migrate through the gel at a rate determined by certain characteristics, most commonly size |
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| the modification of the genetic material of an organism, usually using recombinant DNA techniques |
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| genetically modified organisms: plants and animals that express DNA that has been modified or derived from other species |
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| a small, circular piece of DNA located in the cytoplasm of many bacteria; usually does not carry genes required for the normal functioning of the bacterium, but many carry genes, such as those for antibiotic resistance, that assist bacterial survival in certain environments |
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| polymerase chain reaction:a method of producing virtually unlimited numbers of copies of a specific piece of DNA, starting with as little as one copy of the desired DNA |
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| DNA that has been altered by the addition of DNA from a different organism, typically from a different species |
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| an enzyme, usually isolated from bacteria, that cuts double-stranded DNA at a specific nucleotide sequence, the nucleotide sequence that is cut differs for different restriction enzymes |
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| restriction fragment length polymorphism: a difference in the length of DNA fragments that were produced by cutting sample of DNA from different individuals of the same species with the same set of restriction enzymes; fragment length differences occur because of differences in nucleotide sequences, and hence in the ability of restriction enzymes to cut the DNA, among individuals of the same species |
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| short tandem repeat: a DNA sequence consisting of a short sequence of nucleotides (usually 2 to 5 nucleotides in length) repeated multiple times, with all of the repetitions side by side on a chromosome; variations in the number of repeats of a standardized set of 13 STRs produce DNA profiles used to identify people by their DNA |
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| a method of acquiring new genes, whereby DNA form one bacterium (normally released after the death of the bacterium) becomes incorporated into the DNA of another, living, bacterium |
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| referring to an animal of plant that contains DNA derived from another species, usually inserted into the organism through genetic engineering |
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| structures that have similar functions and superficially similar appearance but very different anatomies, such as the wings of insects and birds. the similarities are the result of similar environmental pleasure rather than a common ancestry |
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| a selective breeding procedure in which only those individuals with particular traits are chosen as breeders; used mainly to enhance the desirable traits in domesticated plants and animals; may also be used in evolutionary biology experiments |
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| the independent evolution of similar structures among unrelated organisms as a result of similar environmental pressures |
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(1) the descent of modern organisms, with modification, from preexisting life-forms
(2) the theory that all organisms are related by common ancestry and have changed over time
(3) any change in the genetic makeup (the proportions of different genotypes) in a population from one generation to the next |
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| the remains of a dead organism, normally preserved in rock; may be petrified bones or wood; shells; impressions of body forms, such as feathers, skin, or leaves; or markings made by organisms, such as footprints |
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| structures that may differ in function but that have similar anatomy, presumably because the organisms that possess them have descended from common ancestors |
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| the unequal survival and reproduction of organisms with different phenotypes, caused by environmental forces. natural selection refers specifically to cases in which the differing phenotypes are heritable; that is, they are caused at least partly by genetic differences, with the result that better adapted phenotypes become more common in the population |
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| all the members of a particular species within an ecosystem, found in the same time and place and actually or potentially interbreeding |
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| a structure that serves no apparent purpose but its homologous to functional structures in related organisms and provides evidence of evolution (ex: appendix) |
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| which transgenic organism is used to produce biosteel fibers for medical and microelectric applications |
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| the human genome contains about how many genes |
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| how does DNA move during gel electrophoresis? |
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| through holes in the agarose gel |
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| what is a valid scientific concern about the environment and transgenic crops? |
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| pollen from transgenic crops would carry recombinant genes to wild relatives, with unpredictable consequences |
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| what is a valid difference between traditional (selective breeding) and modern (genetic engineering) forms of biotechnology? |
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| genetic engineering can use genes from unrelated species, whereas selective breeding must use genes from the same or very closely related individuals |
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| PCR enables scientists to do all what? |
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a) make billions of copies of a particular gene
b) make gene copies very rapidly
c) make gene copies quite cheaply
d)use a very small amount of DNA as starting material |
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| T/F: a recombinant plasmid contains only human and bacterial DNA |
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| in recombinant DNA technology, what are plasmids used for? |
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| to insert foreign DNA into bacteria |
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| the substances used to cut genes in recombinant DNA research are called what? |
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| small, accessory chromosomes found in bacteria that are useful in recombinant DNA procedures are called what? |
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| which application of biotechnology results in an insect-resistant plant? |
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| Bt toxin production by soybeans |
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| in the 1990s, researches attempted to improve the balance of amino acids in soybean protein by inserting a gene from Brazil nuts. why have these transgenic soybeans never been grown commercially? |
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| some people were allergic to the protein product of the brazil nut gene |
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| what can be used to detect genetic disorders? |
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| RFLPs and DNA probes only |
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| what is recombinant DNA technology |
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| involves combining existing genes from different organisms |
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| what results form inserting foreign DNA into an organism to produce a new gene combination |
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| T/F: early in embryonic development, all vertebrate embryos look similar |
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| the concept that earth's present landscape is due to gradual geological processes was proposed by whom? |
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| T/F: there were biologists before darwin who proposed mechanisms for evolution |
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| imagine that a biologist develops a strain of corn with a lower fat content by choosing low-fat variants and crossbreeding them over several generations. this is an example of what? |
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| T/F: Darwin's theory of evolution was based on his observations during his voyage to asia |
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| based on the way natural selection works, what is the BEST way to make use of antibacterial soap? |
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| use it only when you need to be free of bacterial contamination, so bacteria will be less likely to evolve resistance to it |
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| the amino acid sequences of human and chimpanzee hemoglobin are almost identical, yet they differ considerably from the sequence of the hemoglobin of dogs. This fact illustrates what? |
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| T/F: in theory, individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to reproduce. |
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| a farmer produces a variety of apple with deep pink flesh by selectively crossbreeding apples with pinkish hues. This is an example of what? |
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| T/F: the characteristics of a species remain unchanged from generation to generation. |
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| Boa constrictors have tiny pelvic girdles and leg bones inside their bodies. because these structures are nonfunctional "evolutionary baggage," they are called what? |
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| natural selection can act on a certain trait only if the trait is what |
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| the fact that whales have pelvic and leg bones indicates what? |
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| ancestral whales had legs |
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| a farmer noticed that two of her cotton plants produce cotton with a slight greenish hue. By repeatedly crossing the greenish plants, she has produced a variety of deep-green cotton without the use of any dyes. This is an example of what? |
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| how does the fossil record support the theory of evolution? |
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| the deeper the layer of rock, the older it is. so fossils are able to be aged based on which rock layer they are found. fossils change and vary from one layer to the next becoming more similar to modern species as the younger layers are approached |
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| how does lamarck's proposed method of evolution differ from Darwin's? |
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Definition
| lamarck proposed that individuals evolved. darwin proposed populations evolved |
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| neither wallace nor darwin discussed genes when describing natural selection. why? |
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| it had not been identified yet |
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| 3 types of evidence that scientists use to support the theory of evolution |
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1. fossils
2. embryological similarity
3. comparative anatomy |
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| what biochemical clues support the idea that all living things evolved from one common ancestor |
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Definition
| all cells identified to date use DNA for carrying genetic information, use of RNA for protein synthesis, use of ATP as a cellular energy carrier, and build proteins from the same 20 amino acids |
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| a hospital uses a new cleaner to disinfect surfaces. within a few years, many patients are developing infections from a bacterium that is resistant to the disinfectant. |
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| the amount of sensitive bacteria die off and the ones with a tolerance to the chemical grow in population |
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