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| Exchanges energy solely with its surroundings. |
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| Exchanges both energy and matter with its surroundings. |
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| First Law of Thermodynamics |
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| Total amount of energy ina system and its surroundings remain constant, energy can be transferred or transformed but not created or destroyed. |
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| Second Law of Thermodynamics |
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| From initial to final state, the total disorder within a system and its surroundings always increases. |
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| Reactions that release free energy. |
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| Reactions that require free energy. |
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Delta G is positive, (Greater than 0)reaction is not spontaneous.
ex. Glu +NH3 -->NH2 Glu (Delta G= 3.4 kcal/mol)
D>0 |
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Delta G is negative, (less than zero) reaction is spontaneous.
ex. ATP + H20 --> ADP + Pi (Delta G= -7.3 kcal/mol)
D<0 |
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| A process that can occur without the input of energy. |
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| Untapped energy; ex. A ball at the top of a hill. Transfers into Kinetic (moving) energy. |
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| The type of energy that drives most work inside a cell; ex. macromolecules broken down for energy. |
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| Electrons are shared between the nuclei of Hydrogen and Carbon (covalently). |
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The energy associated with a chemical reaction that can be used to do work.
Is the sum of a systems enthalpy (H) minus the temperature (T) in Kelvin times entropy (S)
G=H-TS or Delta G= Delta H - (T x Delta S) |
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| state of maximum stability; a system can never spontaneously move away from equilibrium therefore a system at equilibrium can do no work. |
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| When reactions move forward and backward at the same rate. Equal concentration of products and reactants. |
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| energy outwards; A spontaneous chemical reaction, in which there is a net release of free energy. |
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| energy inwards; A nonspontaneous chemical reaction, in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings. |
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| The pushing of endergonic reactions which would not occur spontaneously, such as the synthesis from polymers to monomers. |
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| the pumping of substances across membranes against the direction of spontaneous movement. |
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| beating of cilia, contraction of muscle cells, movement of chromosomes during cellular reproduction |
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In cellular metabolism, the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction. |
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| Adenine Triphosphate (ATP) |
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Definition
makeup:
ribose, a three phosphorus+oxygen chain, and nucleoside adenine (also in RNA)
function:bonds are broken by hydrolysis, release Pi.
Responsible for mediating most energy coupling in cells--in most cases acts as an immediate source of energy that powers cellular work. |
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| Inorganic phosphate molecule that leaves ATP when bond is hydrolized (leaves ADP, or Adenine Diphosphate). |
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| Referring to a molecule that is covalently bonded to a phosphate group. |
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| The regeneration of ATP by the phosphorylation of ADP in the cell. Catabolic pathways provide the energy for ATP regeneration. |
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| A macromolecule that acts as a catalyst in cellular reactions. An enzyme acts as a catalyst by lowering the EA barrier. |
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| The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start; also called free energy of activation. |
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The reactant on which an enzyme works. The enzyme binds to the substrate and forms an enzyme-substrate complex. |
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A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s). |
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The specific portion of an enzyme that binds the substrate by means of multiple weak interactions and that forms the pocket in which catalysis occurs. |
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Induced by entry of the substrate, the change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate. |
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| Most Human enzymes are good up to 35-40*C,Optimal Ph is in between 6 and 8. |
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| Any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. Cofactors can be permanently bound to the active site or may bind loosely with the substrate during catalysis. |
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| An organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as coenzymes in metabolic reactions. |
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| A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics. |
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| A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing the enzyme’s shape so that the active site no longer functions effectively. |
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| The simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars, monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are generally some multiple of CH2O. |
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| A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid. |
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| A catabolic pathway that consumes oxygen (O) and organic molecules, producing ATP. This is the most efficient catabolic pathway and is carried out in most eukaryotic cells and many prokaryotic organisms. |
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| The catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules for the production of ATP. |
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