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| The mainenance of a stable internal environment in the face of changes in either the internal or external environment. Occurs in all living things! |
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| RECEPTORS RESPOND! Specialised structures capable of responding to a specific stimuli by initiating signals in the nervous system or by triggering the release of a hormone from the endrocrine system. |
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| Detect chemicals in the external environment through the senses of touch and smell. Stimulated by SPECIFIC chemicals in internal or external environment. Monitor leves of important substances in for example blood |
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| Respond to very small forces that change the shape of the sensory neuron (compressed, stretched, vibrated. |
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| Contain pigments that absorb light |
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| Detect heat and cold. When located near the surface they give an indication of the surrounding environmental temperature. Others deep down monitor internal temperature |
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| Monitor a factor of the internal environment, detecting when it becomes unbalanced. |
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| Respond to changes in the environments and warn of problems before they arise. |
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| Motor activity, sensory input, speech, sight, hearing |
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| Think SARAH has no coordination. Cerebellum is involved in the coordination of muscular activity including posture, balance and movement |
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| ORGANS, heart, blood vessels, lung ventilation |
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| The peripheral nervous system is broken down into: |
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Definition
| Somatic (voluntary), Autonomic (involuntary) |
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Autonomic breaks into:
What do these do |
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Definition
Sympathetic: Increase energy use and prepares body for action
Parasypmathetic: enhances activities that conserve energy, eg. digestion and slowing the heart rate |
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Definition
| CNS. Allow for increased integration of information received from all parts of the body. |
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| Function of nerve cell and the way they conduct signals (3 steps) |
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Definition
1. Generation of a nerve impuls
2. Conduction of an impulse along axons
3. Chemical transmission of a signal to another cell across a synapse |
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| Explain the 'all or none' law |
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Definition
| Movement of ions across a membrane causes a change in the level of polarisation. This change can trigger a response. In an individual neuron, the action potential does not vary in size. The intial stimulus is either sufficent to generate an action potential or not. ALL or NONE |
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Definition
| Allose more rapid responses to stimuli. Increased diameter and increased insulation decreases resistance |
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| Ductless glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream which carries them through the body |
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| Execute Ducks!! Excrete hormones via a duct directly to the site of action. |
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Pituitary Gland:
Hypothalamus: |
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Definition
-Hormones
- collection centre for body's wellbeing, uses this info to regulate hormone release from pituitary |
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Definition
| A response that restores the original state. |
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| Negative feedback organisms control what to to maintain...? (4 points) |
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Definition
- General metabolism, blood flow to tissues, muscle activity and sweating : regulate body temperature
- Excretion: maintain correct water and salt balance of internal body fluids
- Digestion, storage and mobilisation of nutrients: appropriate nutrient levels (glucose etc)
- Lung ventilation and circulation: oxygen to tissues and removal of co2 for appropriate pH levels |
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Definition
Ectotherm: OUTSIDE HEAT, generally unable to raise their temperature by internal heat production
Endotherm: Maintain a relatively constant body temperature despite their environment. |
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Definition
Ectotherm: OUTSIDE HEAT, generally unable to raise their temperature by internal heat production
Endotherm: Maintain a relatively constant body temperature despite their environment. |
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| Hypo=low and therefore..... |
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Definition
| hyper= high read pages 328, 329, 330, top of 331 |
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Definition
| Prokaryotic (lack of nucleus), Most are heterotrophs, Reproduce rapidly, many are parasites EG. Tetanus, thyphoid |
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| Flagellates, Sporozoans, Sarcodinians. Those that are pathogenic cause diseases such as malaria, sleep sickness. |
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| An organism that cause disease |
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| Act in a general way to protect against a wide variety of pathogenic organisms |
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Definition
| Specific. Provide a defensive response directed against a particular pathogenic organism |
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