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Biology
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Biology
9th Grade
01/25/2011

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Term
biology
Definition
study of life
Term
characteristics of life
Definition
produce energy
made of cells
adapt to environmental change
chemical composition
remove waste
reproduce
grow
definite lifespan
definite size/shape
Term
abiotic
Definition
non-living
Term
spieces
Definition
reproduce their own kind, but the offspring must be fertile
Term
organism
Definition
any living thing
Term
biosphere
Definition
part of the Earth where life exists
Term
biotic
Definition
living
Term
life processes
Definition
nutrition
respiration
reproduction
excretion
transport
regulation/coordination
synthesis
growth
Term
nutrition
Definition
provides nutrients so that other processes can occur
Term
nutrients
Definition
carbohydrates
proteins
lipids
water
minerals
vitamins
Term
autotroph
Definition
"producer"
make their own food
(type of nutrition)
Term
heterotroph
Definition
"consumer"
obtain food from the environment
(type of nutrition)
Term
**FACTS**
Definition
fungi=consumer
1cm=10mm
37*C = normal body temp.
Term
types of autotrophic nutrition
Definition
photosynthesis - building plants with light
chemosynthesis
Term
respiration
Definition
produces usable energy in the form of ATP
Term
anaerobic respiration
Definition
makes energy without oxygen
Term
aerobic repiration
Definition
makes energy using oxygen
Term
reproduction
Definition
produces a new organism within a species
Term
asexual reproduction
Definition
one parent
offspring = clones
Term
sexual reproduction
Definition
two parents
diversity among offspring
Term
excretion
Definition
removal of waste from other life processes
Term
transport
Definition
absorbtion and circulation of substances
2 types: passive and active
passive ex. osmosis & diffusion
Term
regulation/coordination
Definition
sends out chemical messages to respond to changes in environment
Term
synthesis
Definition
to build from simple to complex
Term
mass
Definition
unit - grams
tool - triple beam balance
Term
length
Definition
unit - centimeter/milimeter
tool - ruler
Term
temperature
Definition
unit - celcius
tool - termometer
Term
scientific method
Definition
problem
hypothesis
controlled experiment
collect & analyze data
conclusion
Term
scientific method
Definition
problem
hypothesis
controlled experiment
collect & analyze data
conclusion
Term
control group
Definition
never changes
standard for comparison
Term
Data Table
Definition
Title: the effect of [ind. variable] on [dep. variable]
|ind. variable|dep. variable|
Term
independent varibale
Definition
change in experiment
what scientists manipulate
represented in experimental group
Term
dependent variable
Definition
measurements of change is effective or not
Term
theory
Definition
a broad range of knowledge based on extensive research
*subject to change*
Term
wet mount
Definition
drop of water
specimen
cover slip 45 degree angle
lower slowly to avoid air bubble
Term
staining
Definition
makes specimen more visible
wet mount
stain at edge of coverslip
opposite end put paper towel
draw stain through
**methylene blue**
Term
centrifuge
Definition
separates by density
Term
chromatography
Definition
separates a pigment by using a solvent (liquid)
Term
electroporesis
Definition
separates DNA by using electrical discharge
ex. paternity, crime scene, see if closely related to other organisms
Term
microdissection tools
Definition
tiny tools used to transplant tiny structures
Term
lab techniques
Definition
wet mount
staining
centrifuge
chromatography
electroporesis
microdissection tools
Term
diameter of 1 cell?
Definition
______FOV______
number of cells
Term
diameter of FOV in high power from low power
Definition
ocular x low power of FOV
high power obj 1
Term
ecology
Definition
the study of interactions that take place between organims and their environment
Term
habitat
Definition
the place a plant or animal lives
Term
niche
Definition
role/job of an organism
Term
niches
Definition
obtain food
reproduce
avoid predators
find shelter
Term
levels of organization
Definition
organism
population
community
ecosystem
biosphere
Term
organism/species
Definition
an individual living thing that is made up of cells, uses energy, reproducesm responds, grows, and develops
Term
population
Definition
group of organisms of the same species which interbreed and live in the same place at the same time
Term
community
Definition
all the populations of different species that live in the same place at the same time
Term
ecosystem
Definition
populations of plants and animals that interact with each other un a givem area with the abiotic components of that area
Term
biosphere
Definition
the portion of Earth that supports life
Term
symbiotic relationships
Definition
mutualism
commensalism
parasitism
Term
mutualism
Definition
both speices benefit
++
Term
commensalism
Definition
one benefits the other is not affected
+0
Term
parasitism
Definition
one benefits the other is harmed
- -
Term
producer
Definition
organism that can make its own food
Term
**FACTS**
Definition
-flow of energy begins with the sun
-the energy that is not used by producers can be passed on to organisms that cannot make their own energy
-algae=producer
Term
consumer
Definition
organisms that cannot make their own energy
Term
primary consumer
Definition
consumers that eat producers
Term
second order consumer
Definition
consumer that eats another consumer
Term
tertiary
Definition
highest level
may eat consumers and producers
Term
omnivore
Definition
organism that eats producers and consumers
Term
predator
Definition
consumer that hunts to kill other consumers
Term
prey
Definition
the animals that are hunted and killed
Term
scavengers
Definition
eat leftovers
Term
decomposers
Definition
break down dead organisms then they: absorb nutrients
return minerals and elements to the soil so plants can synthesize proteins
Term
food chain
Definition
transfer of energy in one direction
Term
trophic level
Definition
producer
herbivore
carnivore
Term
herbivore
Definition
second trophic level
Term
producer(trophic)
Definition
always first level
how energy enters the system
Term
carnivore/omnivore
Definition
make up remaining trophic levels
Term
food web
Definition
transfer of energy that conatins great biodiversity
Term
carrying capacity
Definition
amount of a population the environment can support due to limiting factors
/----
Term
limiting factors
Definition
food
predators
disease
space
climate
competition
temperature
Term
primary succession
Definition
begins with pioneer organism ends with a climax communtiy (takes 100 years)
lichen->grasses->shrubs->trees->forest
Term
secondary succession
Definition
replacement of a community after a natural disaster
replaces the plant community in half the amount of time (50yrs) with the same species
Term
gymnosperms
Definition
conifers that bear seeds as cones
Term
biodiversity
Definition
different species in a given area
Term
importance of biodiversity
Definition
symbiotic relationship
more food choices
less competition
more niches
medical research
Term
water cycle
Definition
evaporation
transpiration
condensation
precipitation
run off
Term
evaporation
Definition
water evaporates off of bodies of water
placing water into tthe atmosphere
Term
transpiration
Definition
water is released from leaves of trees
placing water in atmosphere
Term
condensation
Definition
water fills into clouds
Term
precipitation
Definition
clouds release water
rain, snow, hail
Term
carbon cycle
Definition
animals release carbon dioxide through respiration
plants take in CO2 for photosynthesis then release oxygen
animals take in O2 for respiration
Term
nitrogen cycle
Definition
decomposers break down dead matter and return the nutrients back into the soil so plants can grow
cycle is regulated by decomposers
Term
bacteria of decay
Definition
breaks down dead matter in the soil into ammonia
Term
ammonia
Definition
NH3
Term
nitrifying bacteria
Definition
turns ammonia into nitrates
Term
nitrate
Definition
NO3
Term
denitrifying bacteria
Definition
turns nitrates into free nitrogen
nitrate[soil]; nitrogen[atmosphere]
Term
nitrogen
Definition
N
Term
nitrogen fixing bacteria
Definition
free nitrogen in the air is converted into nitrates in the soil
Term
pollution
Definition
soil
sir
water
Term
soil pollution
Definition
fertilizers
landfills
overgrazing
erosion
Term
air pollution
Definition
global warming
ozone depletion
acid rain
Term
water pollution
Definition
sewage
thermal
Term
global warming
Definition
cause - too much heat is trapped due to excessive green house gases causes by burning of fossil fuel (coal & oil)
effect - polar ice caps melting, bizzare weather patterns, loss of habitats
resolution - solar, nuclear, hydropower, wind mill, bio fuel, geothermal power
Term
acid rain
Definition
cause - sulfer dioxide & nitrogen odxide from factories
effect - kills vegetation, erodes buildings, harms wildlife
resolution - pass law that filters the air nby putting scrubber in the smoke stacks
Term
ozone depletion
Definition
cause - cluroflurocarbons
-coolants and aerosol cans deplete the ozone layer
effect - skin caner, eye disorders
resolution - reduce of coolants (use products marked no CFC), sunglasses, sunscreen
Term
ozone layer
Definition
layer of gases that protect us from the ultraviolet (UV) rays of the sun
Term
coolants
Definition
fridge
air conditioner
Term
resources
Definition
renewable - can be replaced, infinite
ex. oxygen, water, trees
nonrenewable - cannot be replaced, finite
ex. oil, coal, metal
Term
erosion
Definition
deforestation
Term
landfill
Definition
solid waste
resolution - compost pile [bury food in soil so waste decomposers can break it down]
reduce, reuse, and recycle
Term
overgrazing
Definition
livestock
resolution - rotate livestock
Term
fertilizer
Definition
cause - contains nitrogen and phosphorous
effect - run off goes into other ecosystem
resolution - use fertilizer with no nitrogen/phosphorous
Term
size
Definition
total number of individuals in a population
Term
density
Definition
the number of individuals per area or volume
Term
dispersions
Definition
patterns of spacing
Term
types of dispersions
Definition
clumped
random
uniform
Term
clumped
Definition
saftey in numbers
Term
uniform
Definition
ex. certain plants may secrete toxins that keep away other plants that would *compete for limited resources*
Term
random
Definition
occurs in the absence of any special attractions or repulsions
Term
exponential growth
Definition
population with no predation, parasitiam, and competition
Term
reproductive strategies
Definition
R-strategy
K-strategy
Term
R-strategy
Definition
many,small young
rapid maturation
reproduces once
little/no parenting
ex.insects
Term
K-strategy
Definition
few,large young
slow maturation
reproduces many times
intensive parenting
ex. mammals
Term
types of defences (Passive)
Definition
aposematic coloration
batesian mimicry
mullerian mimicry
Term
aposematic coloration
Definition
ex. poison dart frog
Term
batesian mimicry
Definition
"copycat"
Term
mullerian mimicry
Definition
"best in numbers"
Term
thermal pollution
Definition
resolution - cooling tanks
Term
sewage
Definition
sewage treatment plant (lowers dissolved oxygen level)
Term
sewage treatment plant
Definition
sewage in tank
bacteria placed in tank to decomposer sewage
place chlorine in tank to kill bacteria
water is clean
released back into rivers
Term
biological controls
"living controls"
Definition
controls pests in an ecosystem by using living organism to remove them
advantage - no chemicals, specific, no pesticides
disadvantage - disrupt food chain, no natural predators, become pest
Term
decrease in biodiversity
Definition
loss of medical research
disrupts stability of food chain
reduces energy flow
overpopulation
fewer food choices
competition
less protection from disease
Term
direct harvesting
Definition
taking organsims out of their natural environment
poachers - break laws and kill endangered species
bounty huinter - hunt for price
Term
biological magnification
Definition
when pesticides are introduced into the food chain
the pesticides/chemicals increase at each level because the chemicals cannot be used for metabloism
Term
PCB
Definition
type of pesticide
Term
evolution
Definition
change in species over time
Term
evidence of evolution
Definition
geological records
fossils
comparitve anatomy, embryology, cytology, and biochemistry
Term
geological records
Definition
written records of changes in the structure of the Earth
Term
fossils
Definition
whole or parts of dead organisms
Term
ways fossils are preserved
Definition
sedimentary rock
amber
ice
tar
mud [footprints]
Term
dating fossils
Definition
1. C-14-radioactive data
2. layer of sed. rock
Term
comparatvie anatomy
Definition
bones and organs
Term
homologous structures
Definition
structures that are similar, but these structures have different functions due to environmental changes
Term
analogous structure
Definition
organisms have similar functions, but totally different structures (no common ancestor)
Term
vestigal structure
Definition
ancestral remnants
ancestors used these structures and we have no use for them, but we still have the structure
Term
adaptive radiation
Definition
organismsthat came from a common ancestor that experienced an environmental change
Term
comparative embryology
Definition
1-12 weeks after fertilization
Term
comparative biochemistry
Definition
compare how similar the DNA molecules are
compare the sequence of amino acids which synthesize proteins
Term
comparative cytology
Definition
cell structures (organelles)
Term
Lamark
Definition
need, acquire, use, disuse
if you need it you keep it, if you don't need it you didn't keep it
Term
Wiseman
Definition
proved Lamark wrong
cut tail off rats to show next generation
Term
Darwin
Definition
survival of the fittest
the organism that is born with the favorable trait will survive if the trait enables you to adapt to the environment
Term
Darwin's theory of natural selection
Definition
overproduction
struggle for existence
survival of the fittest
transmission of favorable trait
naturally resistent organisms
Term
overproduction
Definition
all organisms did their niche
Term
struggle for existence
Definition
competition
limiting factors/limited resources
(food, water, space, shelter, disease, environmental conditions)
Term
survival of the fittest
Definition
only the organisms with the favorable trait will survive
Term
transmission of favorable trait
Definition
passing favorable trait to offspring
sexual reproduction (variation/diversity) and mutations
Term
mutation
Definition
change in DNA
Term
naturally resistant organism
Definition
organisms that survive a selecting agent (change) were naturally resistent in the original population
Term
matter
Definition
anything that takes up space
Term
atom
Definition
building blocks of matter
Term
proton
Definition
positive charge
in nucleus of atom
equals number of electrons
atomic number
Term
neutron
Definition
no charge
in nucelus of atom
Term
electron
Definition
negative charge
found orbiting nucleus of atom
equals number of protons
Term
atomic number
Definition
[number at the bottom]
number of protons in one atom of the element
Term
atomic mass
Definition
[number at the top]
total number of protons and neutrons in one atom of the element
Term
valance shell
Definition
last electron shell
Term
electron shells
Definition
1st shell holds 2 electrons
other shells hold 8 electrons
Term
types of natural selection
Definition
stabalizing selection
disruptive/diversifying selection
directional selection
Term
stabalizing selection
Definition
eliminates the numbers of extremes and favors the more common intermediate forms
Term
disruptive/diversifying selection
Definition
increases the numbers of extreme types in a population at the expense of intermidiate forms
Term
directional selection
Definition
one phenotype replaces anotherr in a gene pool
Term
compounds
Definition
two or more elements combined
they are held to gether by bonds
Term
ionic bond
Definition
transfer electrons
form crystals
Term
covalent bond
Definition
share electrons with valance shells
form molecules
Term
organic compound
Definition
contain carbon & hydrogen
(carbs, lipids, nucleic acid, protein)
Term
carbohydrate
Definition
main source of energy
end in 'ose'
isomers
shape - rings
Term
simple sugar
Definition
building block of carbs
Term
characteristics of carbs
Definition
organic
contains elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
2:1 ratio hydrogen:oxygen
Term
variation in a population
Definition
mutation
genetic drift
gene flow
Term
mutation (variation)
Definition
changes in genetic material and are the raw material for evolutionary change
Term
genetic drift
Definition
change in gene pool due to chance
Term
bottleneck effect
(type of genetic drift)
Definition
natural disasters reduce size of a population
loss of genetic variation
Term
founder effect
(type of genetic drift)
Definition
small population breaks away from a larger one to colonize a new area
rare alleles may be overrepresented
Term
gene flow
Definition
movement of alleles into or out of a population
Term
divergent evolution
Definition
population becomes isolated and becomes exposed to new selective pressures
evolves into new speices
Term
convergent evolution
Definition
un relateed speices occupy the same environment, subjected to similar selective pressures
similar adaptations
Term
parallel evolution
Definition
two related specieswith similar adaptations after divergence from a common ancestor
Term
coevolution
Definition
mutual evolutionary set of adaptations of two interacting species
Term
geographic isolation
Definition
species are separated due to geography of environment
Term
polploidy (isolation)
Definition
type of mutation that results from errors during meiosis
Term
habitat isolation
Definition
two organisms live in the same area, but encounter each other rarely
Term
behavioral isolation
Definition
two animals become isolated from each other because of some change in behavior by one mmber or group
Term
temporal isolation
Definition
refers to time
Term
reproductive isolation
Definition
closely related species may be unable to mate because of anatomical incompatibility
Term
monosaccharide
Definition
simple sugar
isomer
one ring
Term
isomer
Definition
has the same molecular formula [C6H12O6] but the structual form is different
Term
disaccharide
Definition
two sugars
rings are connected
"holding hands"
Term
polysaccharide
Definition
many rings
Term
polymer
Definition
repeating units of the same molecule
build macromolecule
Term
glycogen
Definition
polysaccharide
animal starch (complex carb stored in liver)
Term
cellulose
Definition
plant starch (stored in cell wall)
Term
reading equations
Definition
reactant --[chemical reaction]--> product
Term
dehydration synthesis
Definition
building organic compounds (loss of water)
**everytime you add a monosaccharide you lose one molecule of water**
Term
hydrolysis
Definition
~reverse of dehydration synthesis~
adds water decreases molecule size
breaks down
water is in reactant
Term
beaking down organic compuonds
Definition
hydrolysis
chemical digestion
Term
amino acid
Definition
building block of protein
21 diff. amino acids
Term
functions of proteins
Definition
enzymes
pigments
hormones
chemical messages
build/repair
organs part of cell membrane
receptors(communicators)
Term
NH2
Definition
amino group
Term
COOH
Definition
carboxyl group
Term
building proteins
Definition
1 amino acid = amino acid
2 amino acids = dipeptide
3+ amino acids = polypeptide
**sequence of amino acids determines the protein (and shape)
Term
lipids
Definition
fats, oils, waxes
-organic
-elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
-part of cell membrane
Term
saturated fat
Definition
if all bonds in hydrogen-carbon chain are single bonds
Term
unsaturated fat
Definition
contains double bond
Term
functions of lipids
Definition
reserve energy
keep you warm
protection
Term
building block of lipid
Definition
3 fatty acids
1 glycerol
Term
types of nucleic acid
Definition
RNA
DNA
Term
RNA
Definition
controls protein synthesis
Term
DNA
Definition
genes
Term
nucleotides
Definition
building blocks of nucleic acids
Term
nucleic acid structure
Definition
polymer
phosphate+sugar+protein base
Term
enzymes
Definition
end in 'ase'
apecific
proteins
organic
catalyst
Term
enzyme & substrate
Definition
fit together like puzzle
enzyme is larger than substrate
enzyme never changes (reused until it runs out)
protase - protein
amylase - starch
maltase - maltose
atpase - ATP
lipase - lipid
Term
factors that affect enzyme actvity
Definition
temperature
pH
amount of enzymes/substrates
Term
passive transport
Definition
moves from high concentration to low concentration (no energy is used) until it reaches equilibrum
ex. osmosis, diffusion
**concentration gradient differences in molecules
Term
diffusion
Definition
moves gases and small molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration
Term
osmosis
Definition
movement of water from high concentration to low concentration
Term
active transport
Definition
molecules move from low concentration to high concentration (energy is used-ATP)
Term
transport #2
Definition
occurs across the cell membrane
Term
cell membrane
Definition
made of lipids and proteins
functions: protector(selective)
communication/receptor
active/passive transport
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