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Definition
| Separates double stranded DNA into single strands at "point of replication" |
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Definition
| Keeps DNA strands apart after separation |
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Definition
| Primes single stranded DNA after separation |
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Definition
| Moves along DNA sticking free nucleotides together, making the complementary strand (can only go 5' to 3') |
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Definition
| connects lagging strand sections |
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Term
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Definition
1. Single stranded
2. Priming
3. Leading strand replicated
4. Laggin strand replicated |
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Term
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Definition
| Cut out mismatched DNA if proofreading fails. Also remove nucleotides damaged by chemicals and radiation |
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Term
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Definition
| Created by UV light hitting DNA. DNA polymerase can't replicated through it |
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Definition
| Many cells inducing apoptosis due to thymine dimers |
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Term
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Definition
1. DNA
-transcription
2. Pre mRNA
-RNA processing
3. mRNA
-Translation
4. Ribosomes and stuff |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme that links ribonucleotides into a growing RNA chain during transcription. Turns DNA sequence into RNA sequence in transcription |
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Definition
| DNA sequences where transcription starts |
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Term
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Definition
| A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein coding sequences in pre mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Intervening, non protein coding sequences in pre mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| process in pre mRNA. Introns get taken out and Exons get connected to eachother |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| about the number of genes to make a person |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| added to the front (5') end of mRNA. modified guanine nucleotide. for stabilization and ribosome binding |
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Term
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Definition
| poly-A tail added to back (3') end of mRNA. adenine nucleotides. mainly for stabilization |
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Term
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Definition
| conversion of mRNA into protiens |
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Term
RNA and DNA are each made of ____ kinds of monomers (nucleotides).
Proteins are made of ____kinds of monomers (amino acids). |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| set of 3 nucleotides that make up an amino acid (protein) |
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Term
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Definition
| AUG. codes for an amino acid AND the start of translation. Codes for Methionine, the first amino acid of any protein |
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Term
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Definition
| protein/RNA complexes that translate mRNA into proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| shuttle amino acids to the Ribosome which makes them into proteins |
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Term
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Definition
1. Mature mRNA is exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
2. Ribosome binds to the mRNA
3. Translation starts when ribosome hits AUG
4. Ribosome covalently binds amino acids to form proteins
5. Translation stops when ribosome reaches a stop condon (TAA for example) |
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Term
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Definition
| Switching one one nucleotide for another. Can cause different amino acids to be created (sickle cell) |
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Term
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Definition
| adding or removing a nucleotide to create a frameshift. Almost always results in a shortened protein (cystic fibrosis) |
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Term
| Differential gene expression (gene regulation) |
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Definition
| results in different cell types expressing different proteins. …in other words, a cellʼs structure and function are defined by which genes it turns off and which genes it turns on |
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Term
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Definition
| Small nuclear RNAs. Regulate mRNA splicing |
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Term
| RNA transcript turnover regulation |
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Definition
| regulated by 5' and 3' unregulated regions of mRNAs as will as tiny micro RNAs (miRNAs) |
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Term
| post-translational modifications |
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Definition
| regulate protein activity. and protein turnover. Proteins can be turned “on” and “off” by the covalent attachment of small molecules |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| very small particles that infect cells. Consist of nucleic acid surrounded by protein. NOT LIVING THINGS |
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Term
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Definition
| protein coat around nucleic acid of a virus. made of capsomeres |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane envelope around the capsid in viruses. made from host cell membrane |
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Term
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Definition
1. attachment of the virus to outside of host cell
2. releases genome into the cell
3. the cell begins to manufacture viral proteins
4. nucleic acid molecules and capsomeres spontaneously self- assemble into new viruses
5. new virus particles break out of the cell |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| why do we manipulate DNA? |
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Definition
1. basic research
2. applied biomedical research
3. industrial applications |
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Term
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Definition
DNA template
Primers
DNA polymerase
nucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
1. high temp (separates DNA strands)
2. Low temp (allows primer to bind)
3. Medium Temp (allows DNA polymerase to work) |
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Term
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Definition
| a circular piece of bacterial DNA used for replicating DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA created by fusing sequences from different species |
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Term
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Definition
| are sequence-specific molecular scissors |
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Term
| How does Dideoxy Termination sequencing work? |
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Definition
A PCR-like reaction is set up with template, primers, DNA polymerase,
nucleotides
• In addition, special dye-labeled dideoxynucleotides are added
• Each dideoxynucleotide is a different color
Then, electropheresis |
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Term
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Definition
1. Cut DNA into short sequences
2. Clone the sequences into plasmid
3. sequence each fragment
4. order the sequences with software |
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Term
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Definition
| Artificially increasing the expression of a geneʼs protein product |
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Term
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Definition
| injecting mRNA or DNA into an animal to over-express proteins |
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Term
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Definition
an electrical current opens holes in
the cell membrane, allowing DNA or RNA to enter |
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Term
| Something about microinjection and electroporation |
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Definition
| Results are only temporary, not heritable |
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Term
| Four ways to “knock down” or “knock out” a gene: |
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Definition
Random mutation
Targeted removal
Small interfering RNAs
Stabilized anti-sense oligonucleotides |
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