hormones

regulation--

coordination of the ______ of the body to help maintain _______.

organs

homeostasis

hormones

endocrine system:

-_______ messengers secreted into the ______ that alter the _____ of other _______

chemical

bloodstream

function

cells

hormones

where are hormones secreted from?

what are the two types?

glands

can be an organ or tissue

hormones

what is the job of glands?

types of hormones

what are the two types of hormones?

types of hormones

steroid:

-________

-made from ______

two examples

hydrophobic

cholesterol

estrogen and testosterone

types of hormones

protein:

-_______

-made from _______

one example

hydrophillic

amino acids

insulin

hormone function

what is the path of hormones

(released from where to where?)

hormone function

target tissue is determined by?

hormone function

target tissue determined by special receptor:

-protein in the _____ membrane or _____ membrane

-specific to ____ hormone

-________ vs. _____ hormones

plasma/nuclear

one

hydrophillic/hydrophobic

hormone function

receptors often act like switches. why?

hormone function

receptors

-causes ______ changes

-primarily _____ (or ______) of proteins

molecular

activation/synthesis

hormone function

what must be deactivated when response is finished?

enzyme amplification

in all of the preceding mechanisms, the result is to _______ the amount of activated _______/_______ in the cell.

enzyme amplification

activated proteins/enzymes cause a ______.

what mediates this?

change

chemical receptors

the nervous system creates signals which cause a faster response than the endocrine system.

true or false

endocrine glands

consists of _______.

from what 3 systems.

organs

digestive/reproductive/nervous

endocrine glands

what organs make up the endocrine glands?

DIGESTIVE: pancreas

REPRODUCTIVE: gonads (testis, ovaries)

NERVOUS: hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland (brain)

endocrine glands

what two glands are unique to the encodrine system?

pancreas

function?

pancreas

what two things help to balance glucose levels in the body?

insulin

glucagon

pancreas

insulin:

-released after ______

-stimulates ____ cells to absorb extra _____ (____) from ____ and store it for future use

eating

muscle/glucose/sugar/blood

pancreas

glucagon

-released between _____ when ______ in blood is ____

-stimulates _____ of _____ glucose

meals/glucose/low

release/stored

pancreas

insulin and glucagon work together to balance _____ ________ in our body

mode of insulin action

-insulin binds _____ on cell surface

-causes production of ______ _____ ______, which enter the _____ membrane

-allows _____ to be transported into the cell

receptors

GLUT4 glucose transporters

glucose

mode of insulin action

what is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

type 1:

body cannot make insulin (since birth)

type 2:

lacks production of GLUT4, but insulin is still produced and binds

-caused by a high fat diet, but can be prevented by exercising and eating well

mode of glucagon action

-glucagon is released from _____ _____ _____

-binds to _____ on cell surface

-causes activation of ______, through ________ _____ ____ involved with _______ and ______

pancreatic alpha cells

receptors

proteins/protein kinase A/gluconeogenesis/glycogenolysis

insulin and glucagon are which type of hormones?

hydrophillic or hydrophobic

hypothalamus

hypothalamus--> _______

-_____ ____ for the body

- secrete _____ that primarily affect the _______ pituitary gland

tissue

control center

hormones/anterior

hypothalamus

neurons produces ________

-releasing--> triggers _____ of more hormones from _____ gland

-inhibiting--> ____ hormones from ____ gland

-two are ____ hormones (stored in _____ gland)

hormones

release/pituitary

inhibits/pituitary

direct/pituitary

hypothalamus

examples of hormones

____________-releasing

____________-inhibiting

_______ (contraction/ejaculation)

gonadotropin

prolactin

oxytocin

pituitary gland

-actually ____ distinct glands, closely connection with __________

what are they?

2/hypothalamus

anterior and posterior

pituitary gland

what is the job of the anterior pituitary gland?

pituitary gland

what is the job of the posterior pituitary gland?

pituitary (hypophysis) gland

what is the other name for the anterior pituitary gland?

pituitary hormone regulation

negative feedback

-______ hormones release stops ______ release

-creates a ______

resultant/hypothalamic/balance

***final hormone product travels back to hypothalamus and stops production

adrenal glands

-located on ___ of _____

what are the two parts?

top/kidneys

cortex and medulla

adrenal glands

what is the innermost part and outermost part?

outermost: cortex

innermost: medulla

adrenal glands

developmentally, the medulla is part of the ______ system

-synthesizes ______ based on ____ from ____ system

-_____ or ____ response

-a "_______" afferent/efferent pathway

nervous

epinephrine/input/nervous

fight/flight

normal

adrenal glands

developmentally, the cortex is part of the _____ system

epinephrine as a hormone

-released during "____ __ ____" response

-complements ______ function

fight or flight

glucagon

epinephrine as a hormone

complements glucagon function

-______ receptor vs. ____ __ ______ receptor

= _____ result

glucagon, beta 1 adrenergic

same

epinephrine as a hormone

what is the job of beta 1 adrenergic receptors..

adrenal cortex

-produces ______ when stimulated by _____ gland

adrenal cortex

________ - "stress hormone"

-stress= ______ or _____

-release extra ______

-keeps _____ system in check (_____ are a type of "stress")

cortisol

fight/flight

glucose

immune/infections

adrenal cortex

____ hormones - secondary source

-help during _____ until gonads are _____

-helps with ______ _____ characteristics and ______ production in ____ women

sex

puberty/mature

secondary sex/estrogen/menopausal

what is the purpose of a chaperone protein?

thyroid

secretes _____ hormone

-in response to _____-_____ ______ from _____

balances ______ rate

-________ ATP synthesis, ____ heart/breathing rate, ______ appetites, ______ alertness

thyroid

thyroid-stimulating hormone/pituitary

metabolic

upregulates/raises/stiulates/promotes

thyroid

hypothyroidism

-____ ____ hormone

-results in ____, _____ gain, poor ____ ___, _____

not enough

fatigue, weight, muscle tone, depression

thyroid

hyperthyroidism (______ disease)

-____ _____ hormone

- _____, excessive _____ ___ with eating more, high ____ ____

Grave's

too much

insomnia, weight gain, heart rate

growth hormone

-growth hormone-releasing hormone

-growth hormone

-in liver, causes release of _______

growth hormone

somatomedins

-travel to ____ to stimulate _____ production in ____ and _____ cells

bone abnormalities

overproduction of growth hormone (GH)

-in children --> causes an increase in ____ because bones are still _______

called....

height/elongating

GIGANTISM

bone abnormalities

overproduction of growth hormone (GH)

-in adults--> causes _____ of bones only because bones are ___ _______ elongating

called....

thickening/no longer

ACROMEGALY

bone abnormalities

gigantism and acromegaly usually result with a ____ on _____ gland.

reproductive systems

our sole purpose in life is to ________

-passage of _____ material

reproduce

genetic

reproductive systems

-a species "______" is defined as its _____ at producing offspring

-sexual reproduction required the ____ of ___ and _____ (called ______)

-______ is a genetic combination from both parents

fitness, success

union/egg/sperm/gametes

offspring

reproductive systems

_____ --> male gamete, "DNA with a ____"

____ --> female gamete, ____ and _____ rich

sperm, propeller

egg, large/nutrient

'Nads

who made this term popular?

what was it supposed to mean?

beavis and butthead

one's testicles

 what does gonad actually mean?

primary sex organ

male and female have them

(testis and ovaries)

humans and chromosomes

humans have ___ pairs of chromosomes

-_____ structures that organize ____

-one from ____ and one from _____

-when most cells in our body ____, ___ chromosomes are maintained -->________

-results in ___ ___ cells

23

linear/DNA

mother/father

divide/46/mitosis

two identical

chromosomes

n= unique _____ of chromosomes

n= 23, _____ (only ______)

2n= 46, ______ (from ___ and ___)

number

haploid/gametes

diploid/mom/dad

humans and chromosome

gametes only have ___ chromosome (_____)

-____ or ____

-represents DNA from ____ parent

-during production the _____ of chromosomes are separated --> ______

-join during ________ (23 + 23 = 46)

23 (unpaired)

egg/sperm

one

pairs/meiosis

fertilization

mitosis

-chromosome ____ (or _____) to make "X-like" structure

-during mitosis, all ____ chromosomes ____ ___ in the middle of the cells

-copied chromosomes ____ from each other and cell _____

-daughter cells have ___ chromosome (not replicated at this point) and are exactly the ____

-occurs in ___ cells except ______

split/replicate

46/line up

separate/divides

46/same

all/gametes

meiosis

-chromosomes ____ (or ____) to make "_____" structure

-during meiosis 1, each chromosome ______ with its pair

-pairs ____ ___ in the center of the cell

split/replicate/x-like

matches

line up

meisosis

during this time, pieces of DNA can "_____" between pairs

-remember chromosomes from each parent have the ____ genes

-swapping information leads to _____ (bluevs. brown eyes)

swap

same

diversity

meiosis

-pairs _____ from each other and cell _____

-Meisosis 2 continues the ____ as mitosis

--replicated chromosome ____

separate

same

separate

male reproductive system

what are the 6 parts of gross anatomy?

testes structure

-divided into _____

lobe contain ________ ______

-site of ____ production

-can be ___-___cm long

lobes

seminiferious tubules

sperm

40-80

testes structure

what are the three main types of cells in the testes?

1. interstitial (Leydig) cells

2. germ cells

3. sustentacular (Sertoli) cells

testes structure

-interstitial (Leydig) cells --> between the _____

-germ cells --> _____ to become _____ (like stem cell)

-sustentacular (Sertoli) cells --> _____ the germ cells

-rest of cells are ______ sperm

tubules

divide/sperm

protect

developing

 testes structure

what is the opening in the tubules called?

spermatogenesis

starts with ______ sperm cells (_________)

-found on the ____ of tubules (furthest from ____)

_________ cells surround developing sperm

-provide ____ and _____ removal for developing

immature/spermatogonia

edge/lumen

sustentacular

nutrients/waste

spermatogenesis

-as the spermatogonia travels towards the lumen, it undergoes _______ _ and ______ __

mature sperm develops a _______ (____) and loses most of its _______

-___ and _____ for travel in the female

meiosis 1/meiosis 2

flagellum (tail)/cytoplasm

fast/lightweight

spermatogenesis

-a single spermatogeonia produces ___ sperm cells

-regulated by _____

4

hormones

epididymis structure

-functions in _______ _____ and ______

single tube about ____ feet long

-sperm starts at the _____ of the epididymis and is mature at the _____

-_______ process

sperm maturation/storage

18

head/tail

maturation

epididymis structure

-tail joins with the ____ (_____) _______

-unused sperm is _____ by the ____

if it doesnt go through the epididymis, it wont...

vas (ductus) deferens

absorbed/body

swim in the female

sperm structure

-process from _____ to _____ is a _____ process

-contains ____, ______ (body), and ____ region

head houses ______ and ______ (DNA)

-_________ is a "______" of enzymes to _____ egg's covering

meiosis/maturation

head, midpiece, tail

acrosome/nucleus

acrosome/pocket/dissolve

sperm structure

-midpiece houses ______

-tail --> motion in the _____!!!!

mitochondria

ocean

a scientist extracts sperm from the lumen of a seminiferous tubule and injects into a tube with several eggs. will it successfully fertilize one of the eggs?

no.

did not go through epididymis.

vas deferens

-______ tube which functions to carry sperm to ________ duct

-during orgasm, _______ moves perm from epididymis to vas deferens

muscular/ejaculatory

peristalisis

vas deferens

vas deferens is part of the ________ cord

-cord of _______ tissue that leaves the ______

-also include ______ ____, _____, and _____ _____

-coolest part --> ______ muscle

________!!!

spermatic

connective/scrotum

blood vessels/nerves/lymph vessels

cremaster

SHRINKAGE

vas deferens

why do testis shrink?

why are testis outside body?

to get warm in cold weather

can't stay inside, because it will be too warm and temperatures too warm will stop sperm production

accessory glands

-supply fluids of ______

accessory glands

seminal vesicle (~___%)

-____, ____ fluid that causes sperm to "____" to ____ of the vagina

prostate gland (~___%)

-____, ____ fluid that helps ______ seminal vesicle fluid so sperm can _____

sperm (~___%)

60

sticky, yellow

stick walls

30

thin, milky

breakdown/swim

10

accessory gland

bulbourethral gland

-slippery liquid --> _______

-reduces _____ of residual ____

preejaculatory

acidity, urine

penis

-functions to deliver sperm to the _____

contains _____ cylinders of _____ tissue

-______ muscle, ______ tissue, ______ _____

vagina

3/erectile

smooth, connective, blood vessels

penis

-bottom (around _____) --> ______ _____

-on top --> 2 ______ _____ separted by a ______

urethra/corpora spongiosum

corpora cavernosa/septum

penis

-erectile tissue contains small pockets of ____ ____ (_____) in ___ tissue

-during erection, ________ blood flow fills ______

-after erection, blood blow ______ and pockets _____

blood vessels (sinuses)

muscle

increased/pockets

decreases/empty

***smooth muscle relaxs so that they fill easier

excitement (erection)

-controlled by the _______ system

-inititiated by ______ _______ or _______

-increase of ____ ____, ______ _____, and _______ rate

parasympathetic

sensory stimuli/thoughts

heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory

male sexual response

excitement (erection)

vasocongestion (blood)

-to _____ and ____

nervous system triggers release of ____ ____

-_______ muscle of blood vessels _______ so they can easily ____

-viaga was originally ____ ____ medicine

penis/testis

nitrous oxide

smooth/relaxes/fill

blood presure

male sexual response

-erection _____ penis for intercourse

-_______ gland secretes fluid

-"blue balls"

angles

bulbourethral

male sexual response

plateau

-orgasm- emmision

-__-__ seconds

-________ control

-________ of vas deferens moves sperms from epididymis to ______

-_______ and ____ vesicles secrete fluid

3-15

sympathetic

peristalsis/urethra

prostate/seminal

male sexual response

orgasm-expulsion

-_______ control

-_______ sphincter contracts (block flow of _____)

-muscles ____ and compress _____ and _____ of penis to expel semen

sympathetic

urethral/urine

contract/root/shaft

male sexual response

resolution

-_____ ____ constrict to ______ blood flow

-_____ muscle of penis contracts to ____ blood from ______ tissue

-penis becomes __________

blood vessels/reduce

smooth/force/erectile

detumescent

male sexual response

resolution

refractory period

-____ minutes to a few ____

-impossible to attain another _____

-due to _______ needed to ______

10, hours

erection

chemicals/vasodilation

female reproductive system

ovaries --> ______

-site of ____ ______

- ovulation- mature egg ____ ovary

gonad

egg maturation

leaving

female reproductive system

ovaries are closely associated with _____ (_____) tubes

-function --> get egg to _____

-_______ muscle and _____ inner layer

-____ create an _____ _____, drawing released eggs into tube

-______ contraction also helps

uterine (fallopian)

uterus

smooth, ciliated

cilia/inward current

muscle

female reproductive system

uterine tubes: site of ________

-fertilized egg=_______

implantation occurs in ________

-grows into ______ of uteran ____

fertilization

zygote

uterus

tissue/wall

development of oocytes (eggs)

-_______ is the female gonad

-produces female gamete--> ______ (____)

women are born with ___ oocytes (~______ (#))

-they remain ______ until signalled to _____

-controlled by ______

ovary

oocyte (egg)

all (~400,000)

undeveloped/mature

hormones

development of oocytes (eggs)

each is inside a ______-filled bubble --> ______

-_____ is made of ____ which secrete _____

fluid/follicle

follicle/cells/hormones

development of oocytes (eggs)

each month, ___-___ primary oocytes being to _____

-_____ also mature (consist of more ____ and become _____ filled)

-under _____ __ and become _____ oocytes

20-25, mature

follicle/cells/fluid

meiosis 1/secondary

development of oocytes (eggs)

at mature stage, only ___ secondary oocyte remains

-protected in a ___, _____-filled mature ______

-regulated by ______

one

large,fluid, follicle

hormones

meiosis 1

-one _____ body is produced

this disposes of extra _________

then ______ occurs

polar

chromosomes

fertilization

meiosis 2

2nd _____ body occurs

and _____ is produced

polar

ovum

** ovaries alternate each month

true or false?

ovulation

-mature follicle, with oocyte inside, resembles a _____ on the ovary

-follice ___ and occyte is released to _____ ____, destined for the _____ tube

-fertilization will typically occur in the ____ _____

blister

ruptures/body cavity/uterine

uterine tube

female anatomy

uterus

-_____, ____ chamber that opens to _____ ____ and _______

female anatomy

-functions to house the developing ____ if _____ occurs

-_________ is smooth muscle

myo means...

embryo/fertilization

myometrium

muscle

female anatomy cont.

endometrium

-cells (_____ tissue ) and _____ vessels

-_____ during pregnancy to ______ embryo (eventually forms _____)

-____ every month if no fertilization --> _________

-part _____ to restore endometrium

-regulated by ______

glandular/blood

thickens/nourish/placenta

shed/menstruation

remains

hormones

uterus- the cervix

entry point of the ______ from the ______

-entry for _____

-exit for shed ______

exit for _______ (avg. __mm)

--extends to ___cm during birth

uterus/vagina

sperm

endometrium

babies, 8

10

uterus- the cervix

produces two types of _____

-______ during/before ovulation

--prevent sperm from _____

-_______ after ovulation

--help sperm ____

cervical cancer (_____virus)

mucus

thick/entering

thin/entering

HPV

uterus- the cervix

what is an easy to check for cervical cancer?

vagina

-______ canal

-functions to _____ sperm and as a ____ canal

contain vaginal _____

-ridges of _____

-help _____ the penis

muscular

receive/birthing

rugae

muscle

stimulate

female sexual response

what are the four stages?

female sexual response

excitement

-triggered by input of ____

-controlled by ________ ______ ____ division

-increase in ____ ____ and ____ _____

-vasocongestion of ________ (increased ____ ____)

-uterine ______ (positions cervix to receive _____)

-secretion from ______

senses

input of senses

heart rate/blood flow

genitals/blood flow

tenting/sperm

glands

female sexual response

plateau

-controlled by _____ system (_____ nerve)

________ is engorged with blood (homologous to the penis)

-swell to ___ to ____times resting size

-provide female ______

lower ___ ____ of vagina _______ (provide stimulation for penis)

-vaginal wall also secretes _______ fluid

parasympathetic/pudendal

clitoris

2/3

stimulation

1/3/constricts

lubricating

female sexual response

orgasm

-controlled by ______ system

-coordination contraction of ___ and ____ muscles

-uterus undergoes ______ contractions

-may help move sperm to/into ______

sympathetic

pelvis/vaginal

peristaltic

uterus

female sexual response

resolution

-muscles _____

-blood flow _____

-heart and breath rate ______

-woman do not have a _____ period

relax

decrease

decrease

refractory