-transport

-protection

-regulation

What does blood transport?

-white blood cells

-antibodies

-platelets

body temperature

fluid distribution

stabilize pH

45 elements

55 plasma

albumin-osmolarity

globulin-immunity

fibrinogen-clotting

What filters dying blood cells for removal?

and why?

the spleen,

to remove blood clots/problems

Hormone erythropoietin

(EPO)

Hemoglobin is recycled when RBCs die?

true/false

reducing of oxygen binding

cells stick together and block small vessels

photosensitivity

reddish/brown teeth

anemia (low iron in blood)

Antigens can be...

(3)

proteins

sugars and proteins

sugars and fats

3

A, B, D/Rh

Do blood types have to match for transfusions?

and why?

Rh+

Rh-

When are Rh antibodies produced?

and what causes this?

When an Rh- person comes into contact with Rh+ blood

pregnancy and transfusions

1. vascular spasm

2. platelet plug formation

3. coagulation (clotting)

vascular spasm

-prompt ______ of a damaged blood vessel

-controlled by _____ receptors, local damage to ____ ____, and _______ from platelets

-constriction

-pain, tunica intima, secretions

platelet plug formation

-damaged vessel exposes ______ to ______

-Platelets adhere to _____ and release ______ to cause more to adhere

-collagen, lumen

-collagen, chemicals

coagulation (clotting)

-involves the activation of ______ to _____

-complex pathway

-activated fibrin adheres to the ______ ______ and platelet ____

-_____ more platelets, like a spider web

-brings damaged vessel _____ so it can heal

-after healing the clot is _____

-fibrinogen, fibrin

-vessel walls, plug

-traps

-together

-dissolved

ciculatory system

immune system

fluid recovery (maintain blood pressure)

site of immune cells (disease fighting cells)

lymphatic system

-network of ____ that extends to all ______ of the body

-______ and _____ that produce and maintain ____ cells

-vessels, tissues

-organs, tissues, immune

a parasite infects lymph vessels

prevents reabsorption of lymph fluid

bean

lymph tissues

when sick, lymph nodes...

-_____ of nodes

-defense ______ to pathogens

-when infection diminishes, nodes _____ ___ _____

-inflammation

-response

-return to normal

bacteria

viruses

parasites

fungi

1. external barriers

2. phagocytic cells

3. immunological surveillance

4. complement system

1.cell-mediated resistance

2. antibody-mediated resistance

white blood cells retain organelles

true/false

cells of immunity

-based on original ____ ____ source in bone _____

neutrophils

monocytes

basophils

eosinophils

1. integumentary system

2. mucous membranes

1. microphages

2. macrophages

Immunological surveillance

-natural _____ cells

-recognizes any _____ antigens

-recognition results in production of ________

-killer

-abnormal

-perforin

complement system

-"complements" ____ _____--> _______ when antibodies are bound to antigens

-___ proteins, end result is the formation of a ____ in the pathogen or _____ cell membrane

-specific resistance, activated

-18, pore, infected

pyrogens

-______ released by macrophages during ________

-results in ______ "resetting" body's thermostat

-proteins, phagocytosis

-hypothalamus

specific resistance

body develops ______ of pathogen for _____ ____

innate (we have at birth)

acquired (based on exposure to antigens)

passive immunity

-produced by ____ of antibodies from another _____

active immunity

-produced by ______ that develop in response to _____

t cells

b cells

t cells

cellular or antibody mediated

three types of t cells

1. cytotoxic t cells

2. helper t cells

3. suppressor t cells

b cells

cellular or antibody mediated

direct physical and chemical attack..

occurs with

attack by circulating antibodies..

occurs with..

T cells

Antigen Presenting cells

Class I

all nucleated cells in body

want to be killed b/c they're infected

Class II

macro- and microphages, b cells

warns of bad antigens, wants help to destroy bad things

Helper T cells are involved in class ___ reactions

use protein: _____

II

CD4

Activation

-naive Th cells binds ____ ___ on class II ____ signal 1

-utilizes ____ protein and Th _____ on Th cell

-"co-stimulation through ______signal 2

APC antigen, APCs

-CD4, receptor

-molecules

-cytokines help ______Tc cell and B cell _____

-help stimulate _______ responses

-integrate ________, ________ and _______

-stimulate, activation

-nonspecific

-cell mediated, antibody mediated, nonspecific

Cytoxic T cells

class ____

protein: ____

I

CD8

activation

-naive Tc cells binds ____ antigen from class I ____ signal 1

-utilizes ___ protein and ___ ____ on Tc cell

-APC, APCs

-CD8, Tc receptor

Activated Tc cells directly _____ infected cells (class I) with ____ presented antigen

using: ____ and ____

attack, same

perforin, cytokines

Activation of Tc cells causes differentiation of _____ __ _____.

Memory Tc cells

Memory Th cells

B Cell Activation

-B cells have _____ for specific antigens on cell _____

antibodies

surface

B cell activation

antigen binds antibody, engulfs antigen, presents antigen...

B Cell activation

Bind Th cell activated with same antigen, "co-stimulation"

B cell activation

produce ______ cells --> make and secrete ____

B cell activation

produce _____ __ cells --> faster ______ if exposed to antigen again

Memory of disease:

what kinds of cells?

5,000

4-5

1. neutralization

2. opsonization

3. agglutination

4. precipitation

neutralization

bind to part of _____ that is ____

opsonization

______ of antibodies makes

agglutination

antibodies bind to multiple ____ causing them to _____ ____ and prevents ______ throughout body

precipitation

if clumps get big enough they are ________ by ______

What are the three meanings of respiration:

1. ventilation of lungs (breathe)

2. exchange of gases between tissues

3. use of oxygen for metabolism

1. gas exchange (o2 and co2)

2. balance of pH of blood

3. sense of smell, speech

4. breathing helps with blood and lymph flow

What respiratory system includes what structures?

(6)

nose and larynx

what are ciliated cells?

nose and pharynx

mucus-producing cells..

nose and pharynx

the site of ____ cells (macrophages)

pharyx is...

____ cm long

made of: ____ and ___

4

cartilage/muscle

Functions of larynx:

-_______ substances from entering _____

-______ production

prevent, trachea

sound

Larynx

the flap of tissue that blocks that trachea when you swallow food

two COOLEST characteristics of trachea and primary bronchi

-cartilage rings

-mucocilliary escalator

the right lobe is separated into how many parts?

the left lobe is separated into how many parts?

3

2

sac

intrapleural space

what is the purpose of the fluid that surrounds the pleura sac?

cushioning and reducing friction

maintains pressure

stick

lungs

thoracic cavity

air conducting

gas exchange

respiratory bronchioles

alveioli

1. bronchi

2. alveoli

3. vessels

4. lymphatic tissue

Air conducting

-______ tube-like structures

-contain _____ and _____ cells

-functions in ____ ____

-supported by ____ and _____ muscle

larger

cartilage/ciliated

conducting air

cartilage/smooth

gas exchange

-____ tube-like structures and balloon-like structures (______)

-no _____ or ____ cells

-functions as ___ _____

-supported by ______ muscle

smaller, alveoli

mucus, ciliated

gas exchange

smooth

alveolar sacs

-end of the _______ tubes

-______ of tissues, which hold ____

-____ million alveioli in human lungs

airconducting

pouches

150

1. squamous cells

2. great alveolar cells

3. dust cells

squamous cells

-____ cells that make pouch

great alveolar cells

-produce _____

-reduce ____ ____ so alveoli does not ______ to itself

surfactant

water tension, stick

dust cells

-type of ______

-______ inhaled debris

-immune system

macrophage

phagocytize

1. pulmonary ventilation

2. gas diffusion

3. gas transport

pumonary ventilation

-physical movement of ____ into the _____

gas diffusion

-across the _______ membrane

gas transport

to _____ in the body

Boyles Law:

-the pressure of a given quantity of gas is _______ proportional to its volume

-gasses move from _____ pressure to ____ pressure

-inversely

-high/low

air pressure in lungs

(alveoli)..

lower intrapulmonary pressure compared to atmospheric occurs during...

due too...

inspiration (inhale)

increase in lung volume

higher intrapulmonary pressure compared to atmospheric pressure occurs during...

due to...

exhalation

decrease in lung volume

intrapleural pressure keeps lungs ________.

soo... lung volume is ______ to thoracic cavity volume.

expanded

proportional

the breaths per minute is called...

what is the average?

respiratory rate (f)

15

amount of gas inhaled during one breath...

what is the average

tidal volume (Vt)

500mL

volume inhaled in one minute...

what is the equation...

respiratory  minute volume (Ve)

Ve = f x Vt

air at the alveolar respiratory membrane

what is the equation..

alveolar ventilation (Va)

anatomic dead space (Vd)

Va= f * (Vt-Vd)

what atmospheric pressure

(measurement)

blood that enters lungs

PO2...

PCO2...

40 mmHg

45 mmHg

air in alveoli..

PO2...

PCO2...

100 mmHg

40 mmHg

blood leaving lungs

PO2..

PCO2..

100 mmHg

40 mmHg

1. concentration gradients of gases

2. gas solubility

3. thickness of respiratory membrane

concentration gradients

-larger gradient, ______ diffusion rate

gas solubility

-CO2 is ___ time as soluble O2

-O2 has a ____ concentration gradient

-CO2 has a higher _____

20

higher

solubility

where does oxygen bind to?

what percentage does that?

heme group of hemoglobin

98.5%

how is carbon dioxide transported in blood..

as...

high level of carbon dioxide

-produces _____ ions, ____ pH

-_________ (too much carbon dioxide)

-acidosis

hydrogen, lower

hypercapnia

low levels of carbon dioxide

-________ hydrogen ions,_____ pH

-_________ (too little carbon dioxide)

-alkalosis

-decreases, raises

-hypocapnia

Increased CO2

chemoreceptors

-_____ respiratory rate

-reduces blood _____

increases

acidity

CO2 decreases

-equation will shift ____

CHEMORECEPTORS

-_______ respiratory rate

-reduces blood ______.

left

decrease

alkalinity

respiratory netural control center

has...

sensory

respiratory

interneurons...

-________ center and ______

?????

efferent neurons

-cause a ______

-________ respiratory rate

response

altered

afferent neurons:

(5)

1. higher brain centers

2. stretch receptors in lungs

3. irritant receptors in lungs

4. proprioceptors

5. chemoreceptors

higher brain centers

(2)

emotions

conscious control

stretch receptors in lungs

(1)

proprioceptors

chemoreceptors

-detect changes in ____ of blood

-acidosis ______ signals from chemoreceptors to ______ respiratory rate

-alkalosis ______ signals from chemoreceptors to ________ respiratory rate

pH

increases/increases

decreases/decreases

inspiratory

expiratory

inspiratory neurons

-used in _____ breathing

-interneurons synapse with motor neurons of skeletal muscles

normal

"quiet"

inspiratory neurons

-cause contraction of _____ and ________ --> ______

diaphragm

rib muscles

inhalation

Expiratory neurons

-used in _____ breathing

-interneurons synapse with motors neurons of skeletal muscles

expiratory neurons

cause contraction of accessory _____ ____ and ___ --> forcing __________

rib muscles/abs

exhalation

rhythm..

DONE!!