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| a force acting on an object that causes the object to move |
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1st law: You can't win = conservation of energy, energy can neither be created nor destroyed but it can change form
2nd law: You can't break even = entropy increases in a closed system, disorder
3rd law: You can't get out of the game = something about physics(?) |
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| a process that forms or breaks chemical bonds |
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a chemical reaction that releases energy
exit/energy out
reactants (+energy)>products |
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a chemical reaction that requires energy input
energy in
products<(+energy) reactants |
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| All chemical reactions require this. Electrons inhibit bond formation. Extra energy is needed to start the reaction. |
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transport glucose within cells. High energy molecules, unstable, synthesized in exergonic reactions, captures energy in phosphate bonds.
EX) ATP |
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Characteristics = monomer
function = energy carrier or intracellular messenger
Ex = ATP |
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reactions are endergonic and low energy in synthesis.
reactions are exergonic and high energy in breakdown. |
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| Molecules that donate high-energy electrons to other molecules. |
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| Exergonic reaction provides energy to drive an endergonic reaction. |
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| Energy transport within cells |
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ATP
Electron carriers
Coupled reactions |
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| molecules that catalyze a specific biological reaction |
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1. function by lowering activation energy
2. not consumed or changed by the reaction
3. highly specific
4. activity is regulated |
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| Enzymes promote chemical reactions |
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1. substrate eneters active site in a specific orientation
2. substrate enzyme binding causes both molecules to change shape
3. energy release that facilitates the reaction
4. products no longer fit in active site an are released
5. enzyme reverts to original shape |
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| Sum of all chemical reactions inside a cell |
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| Cellular reactions that are linked by their reactants (substrates) and products |
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| cells regulate the rate of reactions by controlling enzyme synthesis |
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| Regulation of enzyme activity |
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-synthesis of inactive enzymes
-must be active
-pepsin
-pH-acid
-other protiens |
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| Inhibition of enzyme regulation |
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1. competitive
2. noncompetitive |
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| Competitive enzyme inhibition |
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| molecules (non substrate) binds to the active site, competing |
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| Noncompetitive inhibition enzyme regulation |
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| molecules bind to the enzyme at a site other than the active site |
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| active site and regulatory site |
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| a special case of allosteric regulation |
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| enzyme regulation of the world around you |
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may alter enzyme regulation by...
-may be a competitive inhibitor
-may be a noncompetitive inhibitor |
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