Term
| The three basic components of the circulatory system |
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Definition
| circulatory fluid (BLOOD), set of tubes (BLOOD VESSELS) through which the blood moves through the body, and a muscular pump (the HEART). |
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Term
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Definition
| the motive force for fluid movement in the circ. system. |
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Term
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Definition
| blood bathes the organs directly; there is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid, this general body fluid is HEMOLYMPH. |
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Term
| Closed Circulatory System |
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Definition
| Blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid. Here, materials are exchanged by diffusion between blood and the interstitial fluid bathing the cells. |
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Term
| Advantages of Open Circ. System: |
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Definition
| the lower hydrostatic pressures make them less costly than closed systems in terms of energy expenditure. |
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Term
| Advantages of Closed Circ. System |
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Definition
| their higher blood pressure are more efective at transporting circulatory fluids to mee the the high metabolic demands of the tissues and cells of larger and more active animals. |
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Term
| Vertebrate CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM/closed circ. system |
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Definition
| vertebrate heart has 1 or 2 ATRIA: chambers that receive blood returning to the heart, and 1 or 2 VENTRICLES: chambers that pump blood out of the heart. |
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Term
| Three main kinds of blood vessels |
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Definition
| arteries, veins, and capillaries. |
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Term
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Definition
| carry blood away from the heart to organs throughout the body. Within organs, arteries branch into ARTERIOLES (small vessels that convey blood to capillaries). |
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Term
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Definition
| microscopic vessels with very thin, porous walls. Networks of these vessesl, are called CAPILLARY BEDS, infiltrate each tissure. |
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Term
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Definition
| at the "downstream" end, capillaries converge into VENULES, which converge into veins. VEINS return blood to the heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| blood pumped from the ventricle travels first to the gills where it picks up oxygen and disposes of carbon dioxide across capillary walls. [fish has a two-chambered heart; blood passes through 2 capillary eds during each circuit] |
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Term
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Definition
| provides a vigorous flow of blood to the brain, muscles, and other organs because the blood is pumped a second time after it loses pressure in the capillary beds of the lungs or skin.[Includes PULMOCUTANEOUS and SYSTEMATIC CIRCUIT] |
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Term
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Definition
| animals that have double circulation with a pulmonary circuit(lungs) and a systematic circuit. |
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Term
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Definition
| One Complete sequence of pumping and filling.SYSTOLE:contraction phase of the cycle; and DIASTOLE:relaxation phase |
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Term
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Definition
| rhythmic stretching of arteries caused by pressure of blood driven by the powerful contractions of the ventricles. |
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Term
| Sinoatrial (SA) node / Pacemaker |
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Definition
| a region in the heart that sets the rate and timing at which all cardiac muscle cell contracts. |
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Term
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Definition
| lines the lumen of all blood vessels, includes capillaries; a single layer of flattened cells that provides a smooth surface that minimizes resistance to the flow of blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| the hydrostatic pressure that blood exerts against the wall of a vessel and that propels the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| The lost fluid and proteins return to the blood via this system. Fluid enters this system by diffusing into tiny lymph capillaries intermingled among capillaries of the cardiovascular system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Once inside the lymphatic system, the fluid is called lymph; its composition is about the same as that of interstitial fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organs along the lymph vessel. By filtering the lymph and attacking viruses and bacteria, lymph nodes play important role in the body's defense. Inside each lymph node is a honeycomb of connective tissue with spaces filled by white blood cells specialized for defense. |
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Term
| Fluid exchanges between capillaries and the interstitial fluid. |
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Definition
| At the ARTERIAL end of a capillary, blood pressure is greater than osmotic pressure, and fluid flows out of the capillary into the interstitial fluid. At the VENULE end of a capillary, blood pressure is less than osmotic pressure, and fluid flows from the interstitial fluid into the capillary. |
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Term
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Definition
| blood consists of several kinds of cells suspended in this liquid matrix. Blood plasma is about 90% water. |
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Term
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Definition
| ions formed by inorganic salts in the plasma..include sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and bicarbonate. Function to maintain osmotic balance, pH buffering, and regulation of membrane permeability. |
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Term
| Blood plasma vs. interstitial fluid |
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Definition
| plasma has a much higher protein concentration because capillary walls are not very permeable to proteins. |
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Term
| What are the 2 classes of cells that are suspended in blood plasma? |
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Definition
| Red blood cells: which transport oxygen, and White blood cells: which function in defense. A 3rd cellular element, PLATELET, are fragments of cells that are involved with clotting. |
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Term
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Definition
| (red blood cells) Their main function of O2 transport depends on the rapid diffusion of O2 across their plasma membranes. The greater the total area of erythrocyte membrane in a given volume of blood, the more rapidly O2 can diffuse. |
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Term
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Definition
| iron-containing protein that transports oxygen. Mammalian erythrocytes lack nuclei, also lack mitochondria and generate their ATP exclusively by ANAEROBIC metabolism. |
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Term
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Definition
| the blood contains FIVE major types of these White Blood Cells: monocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes.Their collective function is to fight infections. Monocytes and neutrophils are PHAGOCYTES; which engulf and digest bacteria from the body's own dead cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets all develop from this common source of single population of cells called pluripotent STEM CELLS in the red marrow of bones, particularly the ribs, vertebrae, breastbone, and pelvis. |
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Term
| How is erythrocyte production controlled? |
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Definition
| It is controlled by a negative-feedback mechanism, sensitive to the amount of O2 reaching the body's tissues via the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| When the tissues do not receive enough oxygen, the kidney synthesizes and secretes this type of hormone; which stimulates production of erythrocytes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Self-sealing material (sealant) that is always present in an inactive form. |
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Term
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Definition
| A clot forms only when the firbinogen plasma protein is converted to this ACTIVE form; which aggregates into threads that form the framework of the clot. |
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Term
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Definition
| disorders of the heart and blood vessels. |
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Term
| Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) |
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Definition
| "bad cholesterol" associated with the deposition of cholesterol in arterial plaques, growths that develop on the inner walls of arteries. |
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Term
| High-density Lipoproteins (HDLs) |
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Definition
| "good cholesterol" appears to reduce the deposition of cholesterol. Exercise increases HDL concentration. |
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Term
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Definition
| the death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from prolonged blockage of one or more coronary arteries, the vessels that supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| Death of nervous tissue in the brain, usually resulting from rupture of blockage of arteries in the head. |
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Term
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Definition
| the uptake of molecular oxygen from the environment and the discharge of carbon dioxide to the environment. These exchanges are necessary to support the production of ATP in cell. respiration and circ. system of an animal. |
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Term
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Definition
| the source of oxygen; is air for terrestrial animals and water for most aquatic animals. |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of an animal's body where gases are exchanged with the surrounding environment. |
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Term
| How do animals move Oxygen (O2) and Carbon dioxide (CO2) across membranes? |
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Definition
| NOT by active transport; movement of these gases between the respiratory surface and the environment occurs entirely by diffusion. Rate of diffusion is proportional to the surface area across which diffusion occurs and inversely proportional to the Square of the distance through which molecules must move. |
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Term
| What does the respiratory surface must supple and expel? |
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Definition
| Must supply oxygen and expel carbon dioxide for the entire body. Structure of a respiratory surface depends on the size of organism and influenced by metabolic demands for gas exchange. ENDOTHERM generally has a larger area of respiratory surface than a similar-sized ectotherm. |
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Term
| Common respiratory organs |
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Definition
| gills, tracheae, and lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| outfoldings of the body surfacethat are suspended in the water. Since the gills are surrounded by the aqueous environment, there is no problem keeping the plasma membranes of the respiratory surface cells moist. However, oxygen concentrations in water are low. So, gills must be very effective for the animal to obtain enough oxygen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Increasing the flow of the respiratory medium over the respiratory surface. Without ventilation, a region of low oxygen and high carbon dioxide concentration can form around the gill as it exchanges gases with water. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fish gills are ventilated by a current of water that enters the mouth, passes through slits in the pharynx, flows over the gills, and then exits the body. Most fishes must expend considerable energy in ventilating their gills because water is dense. |
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Term
| Capillaries in fish gills |
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Definition
| Arrangement of capillaries in a fish gill enhances gas exchange and reduces the energy cost of ventilation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood flows in the direction opposite to the movement of water past the gills. This makes it possible to transfer oxygen to the blood very efficienty. As blood moves through a gill capillary, it becomes more and more loaded with oxygen, but it simultaneously encounters water with even higher oxygen concentrations because the water isjust beginning its passage over the gills. |
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Term
| How efficient is the countercurrent exchange? |
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Definition
| This mechanism is so efficient that the gills can remove more than 80% of the oxygen dissolved in the water passing over the respiratory surface. |
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Term
| Tracheal System of insects |
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Definition
| made up of air tubes that branch throughout the body, it is a variation on the theme of a folded internal respiratory surface. |
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