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Definition
| Eat mainly autotrophs ( plants and algae). Examples include: gorillas, cattle, hares, and many snails. |
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| Eat other animals. Ex: spiders, hawks, shark, snakes. |
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| Consume animals as well as plants or algal matter. Ex: cockroaches, crows, bears, raccoons, and humans. |
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| Eat foods that are outside their main dietary category when their usual foods aren't available. |
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Term
| The THREE nutritional needs: |
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Definition
| Regardless of what and how an animal eats, an adequate diet must satisfy all 3 needs: fuel (chemical energy) for all the cellular work of the body; the organic raw materials animals use in biosynthesis (carbon skeletons to make many of their own molecules); and essential nutrients, substances such as vitamins that the animal cannot make for itself from any raw material and thus must obtain in food in prefabricated form. |
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| Four Main Feeding Mechanisms of Animals |
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Definition
| Suspension feeders, Substrate Feeders, Fluid feeders, and Bulk Feeders. |
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Term
| What are SUSPENSION feeders? |
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Definition
| animals (most species of aquatic animals) are this type of feeders, which sift small food particles from the water. EX: the humpback whale uses baleen to strain small fish from large volumes of water. |
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| What are SUBSTRATE feeders? |
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Definition
| Animals that live in or on their food source, eating their way through the food. |
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Definition
| animals that suck nutrient-rich fluid from a living host. |
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Definition
| Animals that eat relatively large pieces of food. Their adaptations include suh diverse utensils as tentacles, pincers, claws, poisonous fangs, jaws, and teeth to kill prey. |
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Term
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Definition
| Glucose is a major fuel for cells, and its metabolism, regulated by hormone action, provides and important example of homeostasis. |
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| What does the hormone leptin do? |
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Definition
| it is an appetite-suppressing hormone |
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Definition
| materials that must be obtained in preassembled form because the animal's cells cannot make them from any raw material. |
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Term
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Definition
| an animal whose diet is missing one or more essential nutrients. |
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| Four classes of essential nutrients: |
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Definition
| essential amino acids essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals. |
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Term
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Definition
| In humans there are 8 amino acids: Methionine, Valine, Phenylalanine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Tryptophan, and lysine |
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Term
| Main stages of food processing |
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Definition
| Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination |
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Term
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Definition
| digestion within a cell (prevent self-digestion) begins after a cell engults food by phagocytosis or pinocytosis. |
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Definition
| hormone that is a long-term appetite regulator in mammals. |
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Definition
| organic molecules required in teh diet in amounts that are quite small. |
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Definition
| simple inorganic nutrients, usually required in small amounts. |
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Term
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Definition
| breakdown of food outside cells. Occurs within compartments that are continuous with the outside of the animal's body. |
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Term
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Definition
| digestive sac with a single opening; this pouch functions in both digestion and distribution of nutrients throughout the body. |
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Term
| Complete digestive tract/Alimentary canal |
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Definition
| digestive tube extending between two openings, a mount and an anus. Advantage: ability to ingest additional food before earlier meals are completely digested; which may be hard for animals with GVC. |
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Definition
| rhythmic waves of contraction by smooth muscles in the wall of the canal, pushes the food along the tract. |
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Term
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Definition
| the muscular layer that is modified into ringlike valves (located at some of the junctions between specialized segments in the digestive tube). These valves closes off the tube like drawstrings, regulating the passage of material between chambers of the canal. |
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Term
| Accessory glands of the mammalian digestive system are three pairs of: |
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Definition
| salivary glands, the pancreas, the liver, and the gallbladder, which stores a digestive juice. |
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Term
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Definition
| presence of food in the oral cavity triggers a nervous reflex that causes the salivary glands to deliver saliva through ducts to the oral cavity. |
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Term
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Definition
| saliva contains this type of enzyme that hydrolyzes starch (glucse polymer from plants) and glycogen (glucose polymer from animals). |
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Definition
| a ball that the tongue shapes the food into so that during swallowing, the tongue pushes this bolus to the back of the oral cavity. |
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Definition
| a junction that opens to both the esophagus and the windpipe (trachea). |
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Definition
| conducts food from the pharynx down to the stomach by peristalsis |
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Term
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Definition
| Stores food and perfomes prelimiary steps of digestion. Large organ is located in the upper abdominal cavity below the diaphgram |
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Term
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Definition
| Important digestive functions of the stomach is that it secretes this type of digestive fluid and mixes this secretion witht he food by the churning action of the smooth muscles in the stomach wall. |
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Term
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Definition
| present in gastric juice, it is an enzyme that begins the hydrolysis of proteins. It breaks peptide bonds adjacent to specific amino acids. |
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Term
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Definition
| inactive form of pepsin when first secreted by specialized cells located in gastric pits. Pepsinogen is not activated until it enters the lumen of stomach. Activation of pepsinogen is POSITIVE feedback. |
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Term
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Definition
| a recently swallowed meal becomes this nutrient-rich broth as a result of mixing and enzyme action. |
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Term
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Definition
| the opening from the stomach to the small inestin that helps regulate the passage of chyme into the intestine. |
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Term
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Definition
| longest section of the alimentary canal. Most of the enzymatic hydrolysis of food macromolecules and most of the absorption of nutrients into the blood occurs here. |
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Term
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Definition
| first 25cm of the small intestine. It is here that acid chyme from the stomach mixes with digestive juices fromt he pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and gland cells of the intestinal wall iself. |
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Term
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Definition
| Produces several hydrolytic enzymes and an alkaline solution rich in bicarbonate. |
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Term
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Definition
| performs many function, including the production of BILE: a mixture of substances that is stored in the gallbladder until needed. |
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Term
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Definition
| (or colon) is connected to teh small intestine at a T-shaped junction, where a sphincter controls the movement of material. |
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Term
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Definition
| to recover water that has entered the alimentary canal as the solvent of the various digestive juices. |
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Definition
| the terminal portion of the colon, where feces are stored until they can be eliminated. |
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Definition
| pouch where the large and small intestines connect. |
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Term
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Definition
| an animal, such as cow or sheep, with an elaborate, multicompartmentalized stomach specialized for an herbivorous diet. |
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