Term
|
Definition
Meiosis- creates genetic diversity, 4 cells, 23 chromosomes, crossing over
Mitosis - preserves genetic identity, 46 chromosomes, 2 cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells produced for sexual reproduction (eggs and sperm) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 copies of chromosomes (also called 2N) found in somatic (non-sex) cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1 copy of chromosomes (also called N) found in gametes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When sister chromatids exchange chunks of chromosomes during meiosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| non-cell division phase (except S phase when DNA and chromosomes replicate) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| packet of tightly wound DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| matching chromosomes inherited from each parent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when chromosomes replicate, (sister) chromatids are the copies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| place where sister chromatids are connected before they separate during anaphase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attach to centromeres and help drag (copied) chromosomes to opposite sides of cell during anaphase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| furrowing ('pinching off') of cell membrane to complete cell division process |
|
|
Term
| Mitosis results in # of what kind of daughter cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal cell division (mitosis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genetic type (what genes a person has for a particular trait; usually represented by 2 alleles) ex. Ff |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| physical appearance (influence by one or many genes; for example a person with genotype Ff or ff has freckles, which is their phenotype) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| different forms of a gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 copies of the same allele (e.g., FF or ff) on homologous chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| different alleles on homologous chromosomes (Ff) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| determines offspring genotypes by matching up parental genotypes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if one dominant allele is present in the genotype, it is automatically expressed in the phenotype although there are 2 copies in diploid organisms; it masks the other allele on the other chromosome. Freckles are a dominant trait, so if a person has either genotype FF or Ff they will have the freckle phenotype |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| for a recessive allele to be expressed, it has to be present on both chromosomes. No freckles are recessive, so a person must have the genotype ff to have no freckles as their phenotype |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| both copies are expressed (e.g., "red" gene on one chromosome and "white" gene on another chromosome -> genotype = red/white; but phenotype = pink) A plant with codominant flower color genes would have red flowers if the genotype is FF, white flowers if the genotype is WW and pink flowers if the genotype is RW |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| location of a particular gene on a chromosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. SP viron attaches to host cell receptor 2. virus enters host cell 3. virus "uncoats" and releases it's DNA 4. Host genetic system makes copies of virus DNA 5. SP DNA also transcribed to mRNA 6. mRNA moves out of nucleus into cytoplasm 7. SP mRNA is translated by host ribosomes, makes SP proteins 8. SP proteins and DNA reassembled to create virions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does DNA make proteins |
|
Definition
| 1. DNA is transcribed to mRNA in nucleus 2. mRNA leave nucleus and attaches to ribosome (in rough ER) 4. tRNA translates mRNA into amino acids 4. Chain of amino acids forms a protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genes are isolated, modified, and inserted into an organism |
|
|
Term
| Gene therapy non-viral methods |
|
Definition
1. direct introduction of therapeutic DNA to target cells (via injection) - not commonly used- only works on certain genes.
2. Creating artificial lipid sphere - can pass through cell membrane via facilitated diffusion
3. Directly linking therapeutic DNA to signaling molecule.
4. Experimenting w/ 47th chromosome - exist along side (non affecting) other chromosomes - carry lg. amount of genetic material |
|
|
Term
| Viral vectors: Types of viruses used as gene therapy vectors |
|
Definition
- retroviruses (RNA viruses) - adenoviruses (dsDNA; infect respiratory, intestinal, eyes, e.g., cold virus)
- Adeno-associated (insert DNA in chromosome 19)
- Herpes simplex viruses (infect neurons) |
|
|
Term
| Viral vectors: Deliver genes to certain body parts |
|
Definition
| - where they're needed (e.g., herpes for nervous system disorders) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genes in DNA code for thousands of proteins. 2 parts creates mRNA through transcription and then going into the ribosome in the rough ER translates into tRNA which creates proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA has deoxyribose, thymine, and is double stranded. RNA is single stranded, has ribose, and has uracil instead of thymine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adenine, guamine, cytosine, thymine/uracil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hydrogen bonds, base, sugar-phosphate, double helix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mRNA to protein. triplet codons of mRNA translated sequence of amino acids acids that make up protein. 3 complementary tRNA bases called anticodons |
|
|
Term
| Mendel's principle of segregation |
|
Definition
| pair of alleles segregate (separate) during gamete formation (when eggs and sperm are made); fusion gametes at fertilization creates allele pairs again |
|
|
Term
| Mendel's principle of independent assortment |
|
Definition
| Each pair of alleles segregates independently of one another during gamete formation |
|
|
Term
| Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) |
|
Definition
| polymearse chain reaction, amplify single or few copies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| initiates division in chromosomes. before mitosis, DNA replicates and into 2 sister chromatids connected by a centromere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first stage of mitosis. Chromatin condenses and becomes visible in nucleus. Centrosomes move to opposite poles of cell. Microtubules begin to grow out from centrosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chromosomes attach to spindle fibers at centromeres. chromosomes line up in the middle of cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Daughter chromosomes separate. Pulled by spindle fibers to opposite sides of cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spindle fibers dissolve. new nuclei form. ring of actin filaments forms around nuclei. cytokinesis breaks 2 "daughter cells" apart. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. single- gene (mutations)
2. Multifactorial (or "polygenic")
3. Chromosomal
4. Mitochrondrial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- >6,000 known disorders
- 1 in ~200 births (inherited predictably)
- E.g., cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, Huntington's disease |
|
|
Term
| Multifactorial (or "polygenic") |
|
Definition
- combinations of environmental factors & mutations in multiple genes
- E.g., breast cancer associated genes found on chromosomes 6, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17 and 22
- nature of complex gene interactions make very complicated
- |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Duplication: part of a chromosome is repeated and passed on to the offspring
- Inversion: a linear stretch of DNA is inverted in the chromosome
Translocation
Deletion: loss of a segment of a chromosomes; most are lethal
- Non-disjunction: a problem during meiosis when homologous chromosomes do not separate properly during anaphase I |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| become oncogenes which cause excessive cell division - works with single mutation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gene that protects a cell from one step on the path to cancer. for cell to divide these must be turned off |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| begning is when the tumor is contained while a malignant tumor is when the cancerous cells spread to other parts of the body |
|
|
Term
| Somatic cell nuclear transfer |
|
Definition
| other genetic material (DNA) inserted into an egg with genetic material already removed (nucleus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hollow ball of cells after the implanted egg has been activated and divded |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| term describing a stem cell that has the potential to differentiate into any of the three germ layers (all different types of cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one celled organism after fertilization formed by two haploid cells, sperm and ova |
|
|
