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| Evolution of several species from a common ancestor into new ecological or geographical zones |
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| Living in only in the presence of oxygen |
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| A kind of speciation that usually occurs when populations become separated by a geographic barrier and gene flow is no longer possible |
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| Same basic function but different origins |
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| Organisms that are capable of making nutrients from inorganic molecules |
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| The study of the distribution of species throughout the world |
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| Type of genetic drift; occurs when a majority of genotypes are prevented from participating in the production of the next generation as a result of a natural disaster or human interference |
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| Radiocarbon: a radioactive isotope of carbon |
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| English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection |
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| Clay attracts small organic molecules and also contains iron and zinc. Iron and zinc may have served as inorganic catalysts for polypeptide formation |
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| Assemblage of populations interacting with one another within the same environment |
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| The study of anatomical features of animals of different species |
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| Study of differences in chemical (metabolic) processes among species |
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| Comparing embryonic development |
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| Natural selection in which an extreme phenotype is favored, usually in a changing environment |
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| The variation of genotypes and phenotypes within a population |
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| The hypothesis that DNA formed first |
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| Largest of the categories, or taxa, used by taxonomists to group species; |
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| Large numbers of species become extinct in a short period of time |
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| Occurs when O2 is not available; regenerates NAD + which keeps glycolysis going; provides a rapid burst of ATP |
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| Based on the remains of ancient life; (fossil) past evidence of an organism that has been preserved in Earth’s crust |
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| Type of genetic drift in which only a fraction of the total genetic diversity of the original gene pool is represented as a result of a few individuals founding a colony |
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| Sharing of genes between two populations through interbreeding |
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| Total of all genes of all the individuals in a population |
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| Mechanisms of evolution due to random changes in the allelic frequencies of a population |
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| G3P; is made by the Calvin cycle; first step in cellular respiration and fermentation |
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| Their principle states that allele frequencies in a gene pool will remain at equilibrium after one generation of random mating in a large, sexually reproducing population as long as there are no mutations, no genetic drift, no gene flow, random mating, and no selection |
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| Getting nutrients through food digestion; protocells most likely heterotrophs; heterotrophs preceded autotrophs |
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| Same function and same basic structure, indicating a common ancestor |
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| Increased amount of pigmentation in an organism |
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| Concluded after studying the succession of life-forms in geological strata, that more complex organisms are descended from less complex organisms. Proposed that the environment can bring about inherited change |
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| Uniformitarianism – the idea that the earth was shaped by slow-moving forces |
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| Observed that although humans have a great reproductive potential, many environmental variables, such as availability of food and living space, tend to keep the human population in check with factors such as disease and famine |
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| Change in gene frequencies between populations of a species over time |
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| Alteration in chromosome structure or number; also, an alteration in a gene due to a change in DNA composition |
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| Mechanism of evolution caused by environmental selection of organisms most fit to reproduce; results in adaptation to the environment |
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| Evolutionary model that proposes that evolutionary change resulting in a new species can occur gradually in an unbranched lineage |
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| Evolutionary history of a group of organisms |
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| Inheritable character that is controlled by more than one gene |
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| Maintenance of the same ratio of two or more phenotypes in each generation |
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| Group of organisms of the same species occupying a certain area and sharing a common gene pool |
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| Where amino acids can form polypeptides when exposed to dry heat. Form microspheres when introduced back into water |
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| Evolutionary model that proposes that periods of rapid change dependent on speciation are followed by long periods of stasis |
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| The absolute method, radioactive dating techniques are used to assign an actual date on fossils, is based on the half life of radioactive isotopes |
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| In some instances RNA can function as both a substrate and an enzyme. If RNA evolved first it could function as both genes and enzymes. |
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| Obtaining food osmotically from dissolved organic material |
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| Designed experiment that showed that you can make organic molecules out of inorganic molecules |
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| The offspring of a species that has gone through speciation. The offspring are slightly different because of this. |
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| A kind of speciation that it find occurs when a single population suddenly divides into two reproductively isolated groups without being geographically isolated |
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| Anatomical structures fully functional in one group and reduced, nonfunctional in another |
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| Sent a letter to Darwin that he had come to the same conclusions about evolution, which prompted him to publish his finding. They both presented their ideas at the same meeting of the famed Royal Society in London in 1858, but only Darwin had outlined his reasoning for the theory in a draft of The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. |
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