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Biology
Ch 27 Vocab
51
Biology
9th Grade
01/28/2010

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Term
Adaptive Radiation
Definition
Evolution of several species from a common ancestor into new ecological or geographical zones
Term
Aerobic
Definition
Living in only in the presence of oxygen
Term
Allopatric
Definition
A kind of speciation that usually occurs when populations become separated by a geographic barrier and gene flow is no longer possible
Term
Analogous
Definition
Same basic function but different origins
Term
Autotrophic
Definition
Organisms that are capable of making nutrients from inorganic molecules
Term
Biogeography
Definition
The study of the distribution of species throughout the world
Term
Bottleneck Effect
Definition
Type of genetic drift; occurs when a majority of genotypes are prevented from participating in the production of the next generation as a result of a natural disaster or human interference
Term
Carbon 14
Definition
Radiocarbon: a radioactive isotope of carbon
Term
Charles Darwin
Definition
English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection
Term
Clay-Catalyst Hypothesis
Definition
Clay attracts small organic molecules and also contains iron and zinc. Iron and zinc may have served as inorganic catalysts for polypeptide formation
Term
Community
Definition
Assemblage of populations interacting with one another within the same environment
Term
Comparative Anatomy
Definition
The study of anatomical features of animals of different species
Term
Comparative Biochemistry
Definition
Study of differences in chemical (metabolic) processes among species
Term
Comparative Embroyolgy
Definition
Comparing embryonic development
Term
Directional Selection
Definition
Natural selection in which an extreme phenotype is favored, usually in a changing environment
Term
Diversifying
Definition
The variation of genotypes and phenotypes within a population
Term
DNA first hypothesis
Definition
The hypothesis that DNA formed first
Term
Domain
Definition
Largest of the categories, or taxa, used by taxonomists to group species; 
Term
Extinction
Definition
Large numbers of species become extinct in a short period of time
Term
Fermentation
Definition
Occurs when O2 is not available; regenerates NAD + which keeps glycolysis going; provides a rapid burst of ATP
Term
Fossil Record
Definition
Based on the remains of ancient life; (fossil) past evidence of an organism that has been preserved in Earth’s crust
Term
Founder Effect
Definition
Type of genetic drift in which only a fraction of the total genetic diversity of the original gene pool is represented as a result of a few individuals founding a colony 
Term
Gene Flow
Definition
Sharing of genes between two populations through interbreeding
Term
Gene pool
Definition
Total of all genes of all the individuals in a population
Term
Genetic drift
Definition
Mechanisms of evolution due to random changes in the allelic frequencies of a population
Term
Glycolysis
Definition
G3P; is made by the Calvin cycle; first step in cellular respiration and fermentation
Term
Hardy-Weinberg
Definition
Their principle states that allele frequencies in a gene pool will remain at equilibrium after one generation of random mating in a large, sexually reproducing population as long as there are no mutations, no genetic drift, no gene flow, random mating, and no selection
Term
Heterotrophic
Definition
Getting nutrients through food digestion; protocells most likely heterotrophs; heterotrophs preceded autotrophs
Term
Homologous
Definition
Same function and same basic structure, indicating a common ancestor
Term
Industrial Melanism
Definition
Increased amount of pigmentation in an organism
Term
Lamarck
Definition
Concluded after studying the succession of life-forms in geological strata, that more complex organisms are descended from less complex organisms. Proposed that the environment can bring about inherited change
Term
Lyell
Definition
Uniformitarianism – the idea that the earth was shaped by slow-moving forces
Term
Malthus
Definition
Observed that although humans have a great reproductive potential, many environmental variables, such as availability of food and living space, tend to keep the human population in check with factors such as disease and famine
Term
Microevolution
Definition
Change in gene frequencies between populations of a species over time
Term
Mutation
Definition
Alteration in chromosome structure or number; also, an alteration in a gene due to a change in DNA composition
Term
Natural Selection
Definition
Mechanism of evolution caused by environmental selection of organisms most fit to reproduce; results in adaptation to the environment
Term
Phyletic Gradualism
Definition
Evolutionary model that proposes that evolutionary change resulting in a new species can occur gradually in an unbranched lineage
Term
Phylogeny
Definition
Evolutionary history of a group of organisms
Term
Polygenic
Definition
Inheritable character that is controlled by more than one gene
Term
Polymorphism
Definition
Maintenance of the same ratio of two or more phenotypes in each generation
Term
Population
Definition
Group of organisms of the same species occupying a certain area and sharing a common gene pool
Term
Protein First Hypothesis
Definition
Where amino acids can form polypeptides when exposed to dry heat. Form microspheres when introduced back into water
Term
Punctuated Equilibrium
Definition
Evolutionary model that proposes that periods of rapid change dependent on speciation are followed by long periods of stasis
Term
Radioactive isotopes
Definition
The absolute method, radioactive dating techniques are used to assign an actual date on fossils, is based on the half life of radioactive isotopes
Term
RNA first hypothesis
Definition
In some instances RNA can function as both a substrate and an enzyme. If RNA evolved first it could function as both genes and enzymes.
Term
Saprophytic
Definition
Obtaining food osmotically from dissolved organic material
Term
Stanley Miller
Definition
Designed experiment that showed that you can make organic molecules out of inorganic molecules
Term
Subspecies
Definition
The offspring of a species that has gone through speciation.  The offspring are slightly different because of this.
Term
Sympatric
Definition
A kind of speciation that it find occurs when a single population suddenly divides into two reproductively isolated groups without being geographically isolated
Term
Vestigial
Definition
Anatomical structures fully functional in one group and reduced, nonfunctional in another
Term
Wallace
Definition
Sent a letter to Darwin that he had come to the same conclusions about evolution, which prompted him to publish his finding.  They both presented their ideas at the same meeting of the famed Royal Society in London in 1858, but only Darwin had outlined his reasoning for the theory in a draft of The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.
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