Term
| The Hierarchy of Biological Organization |
|
Definition
Atomic
Molecular
Organelle
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism |
|
|
Term
| 11 Unifying Themes in Biology |
|
Definition
1. Emergent Properties: result of interactions among components
2. The Cell: Basic unit of structure & function (prokaryotic, eukaryotic)
3. Heritable info: encoded in nucleotide sequences of DNA
4. Structure/function: correlated at all levels of biological info
5. Interaction w/ Environment: exchanging materials & energy w/ others
6. Regulation: maintains homeostasis (body temp)
7. Unity: More closely 2 species are, the more characteristics they share
8. Diversity: 3 domainsBacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
9. Evolution: Biology’s core theme
10. Scientific Inquiry: Observation, ?, Hypothesis, Prediction, Test
11. Science, Technology, & Society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single celled living organisms. All of the aspects of life (food consumption, energy creation, locomotion, interaction with environment and reproduction) occur within the confines of the single cell. All bacteria are prokaryotes, that is, they do not contain specialized organelles within them, but all functions are somewhat more generalized. Most bacteria live in moist or water based environments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of converting carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight in to glucose and oxygen |
|
|
Term
| Immune System - 1st Line of Defense |
|
Definition
The body protects against the invasions of pathogens
(1st line of defense) Three major nonspecific 1st line of defense components:
1. Skin 2. Mucous membranes 3. Secretions |
|
|
Term
| Immune System - 2nd Line of Defense |
|
Definition
The body protects against pathogens that have evaded the first line of defenses (2nd line of defense) three major nonspecific 2nd line of defense components:
1. Phagocytes 2. Antimicrobial proteins 3. Inflammation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Not alive, do not have the ability to independently maintain homeostasis (metabolize, interact with environment) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Central to the immune system is the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system consists of a system of vessels that carry lymph, a fluid derived from blood and tissues. When found in blood, lymph is referred to as plasma, and when found in the tissues, it is referred to as interstitial fluid. Lymph travels through lymph vessels and is eventually returned to the blood stream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When an injury occurs, basophil and mast cells release histamine, which increases permeability of the membrane. This allows increased blood flow to the injured area so that white blood cells can respond to the invasion of germs. This occurs during the early stages of the inflammatory response. Histamine causes blood vessels to dilate |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics necessary for an immune system |
|
Definition
1. Recognition of self vs. non-self
2. Diversity - It must be able to attack a broad range of invaders
3. Specificity - with good accuracy
4. Memory - remember prior invaders so that it can easily attack them if they invade again |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are regions where lymph vessels come together. Lymph nodes function as filters for cells, bacteria, and other matter in the lymph. Large numbers of leukocytes (white blood cells) are found in the lymph nodes, where they guard against foreign materials in the lymph |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can be thought of as a giant lymph node. It serves as a site for storage and maturation of leukocytes |
|
|
Term
| The Seven Characteristics of Living Things |
|
Definition
1. Composed of Cells
2. Require Energy
3. Reproduce
4. Display Heredity
5. Respond to Environment
6. Maintain Homeostasis
7. Evolve and Adapt |
|
|
Term
| Five Kingdom System (1969) |
|
Definition
Moneraprokaryotes - (bacteria & archaea)
Protistaeukaryotes - (Archaezoa, Protista, and Chromista)
Plants - organisms that are photosynthetic
Animals – multi-cellular organisms that consume food
Fungi – multi-cellular organisms that absorb food |
|
|
Term
| The Linnaean Classification System |
|
Definition
A system of taxonomic categories that reflect the degree to which organisms are related:
Kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The largest natural population of organisms that can potentially interbreed to produce fertile offspring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The level in which organisms are primarily distinguished on the basis of overall basic body plan or organization (e.g., soft, unsegmented bodies in contrast to external skeletons along with jointed bodies and limbs). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Androgen: A male sex hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of the male sex characteristics. The major androgen is testosterone; There are two major female sex hormones: estrogen and progesterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| discovered the fundamental mechanism by which traits are inherited. Inheritance the way traits are passed on from generation to generation (DNA makes RNA, which makes protein) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The steps to determining the probabilities of genotypic and phenotypic frequency:
1. Identify dominant and recessive alleles
2. Determine parental genotypes
3. Set up a Punnett square that shows the gametic contributions of mom and dad
4. Examine the probable genotypic and phenotypic frequencies in the offspring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mathematically demonstrated that in a non-evolving population, the relative frequency of dominant and recessive alleles should not change from generation to generation. Hardy’s theorem demonstrated that Mendel’s discrete units could be maintained from generation to generation. Hardy’s theorem came to be known as the Hardy-Weinberg theory because another scientist, Wilhelm Weinberg, independently came to the same conclusion as Hardy |
|
|
Term
| Darwin based his theory of evolution by natural selection on: |
|
Definition
1. the fossil record
2.the resemblance among similar species
3. artificial selection |
|
|
Term
| The theory of evolution by natural selection incorporates several concepts: |
|
Definition
1. Species change over long periods of time.
2. The number of species increases over time.
3. All species descend from a common ancestor.
4. New species emerge from natural selection. |
|
|
Term
| he five criteria for maintaining Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: |
|
Definition
1. large population size
2. no gene flow in or out of the population
3. no mutation
4. random mating
5. no natural selection
When any of the five criteria are not met, microevolution occurs, and HardyWeinberg equilibrium is no longer in effect. |
|
|
