Hydrophobic, non-polar, and small substances

(i.e. O_2, CO₂)

Large, hydrophilic, polar, or charged substances 

(i.e. Glucose, H₂O, Na⁺, Cl^-)

1. pH
2. Temperature
3. Salinity

There exist optimum levels for each.

1. pH
2. Temperature
3. Salt

There exists an optimum level for each.

Cofactors:

• Inorganic: Mg²⁺ (metal ions)
• Organic: Coenzymes (NAD⁺, FADH₂)

• Competitive Inhibitor
• Non-competitive Inhibitor

Binds to allosteric site to stabilize active enzyme form

(active site open)

C₆H₁₂O₆ (Glucose) + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Energy (ATP)

1. Glycolysis (in cytosol)
2. Pyruvate conversted to Acetyl CoA/Citric Acid Cycle (mitochondrial matrix)
3. Oxidative Phosphorylation (inner membrane)

1. Oxidative Phosphorylation (where most of the ATP is made)
2. Substrate-level Phosphorylation (where a relatively small amount of ATP is made), enzyme plucks one phosphate off a substrate and adds it to ADP to make ATP

1 Glucose → 2 pyruvate + 2NADH + 2ATP

Phosphofructokinase is allosterically regulated.

Adenosine Monophosphate

Stimulates phosphofructokinase by changing the shape of the active site to its correct shape and process can continue; acts as an activator

• Organism capable of creating its own food source
• Also known as a producer
• Convert inorganic energy into usable chemical energy
• i.e. Photoautotroph

It's essentially the opposite of celluar respiration:

6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

1. Light Reactions
2. Calvin Cycle (NOT dark reactions)

In the photosynthesis summary reaction, ___________ is reduced and ___________ is oxidized.

In the Calvin Cycle, ATP and NADPH are used to _____________________.

The shorter the wavelength, the _______________ the energy.

The longer the wavelength, the ________________ the energy. 

higher, lower; it's an inverse relationship

[image]

Any light absorbed is ___________; any light not absorbed is _____________ or ______________.

used; reflected, transmitted

Graph plotting light's absorption (by different pigments in chloroplasts) vs. wavelength of light

[image]

Graph plotting rate of Photosynthesis vs. Wavelength of Light

[image]

• Laid filamentous algae (photosynthetic) acros microscope slide
• Shone light refracted through prism onto slide
• Added aerobic (O₂-requiring) bacteria

Where O₂ was produced (since they were O₂-requiring bacterium), virtually everywhere except where green light was. This is because green light is reflected (since ya know, plants are green and stuff). All of the OTHER colors were used.

This is a physical example of an action spectrum. 

[image]

• Chlorophyll a
• Chlorophyll b
• Carotenoids

• ATP AND NADPH
• PSI AND PSII