Term
|
Definition
| the number and kinds of chromosomes present in nucleus(can be used to find abnormalities) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A family tree- shows transmission of genetic traits in a family over several generations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| helps detect autosomal dominant mutations autosomal resesive mutatuions , x linked recesive mutations , x linked |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| information units in chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| site of a gene in the chromosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
different forms of a gene
same loci on homologous chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The transmission of genetic information from parent to offspring
Generally follows predictable patterns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of genetic similarities and genetic variations (the differences) |
|
|
Term
fertilization across species
Cross- |
|
Definition
fertilize different species of tobacco plant
Called a cross |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – offspring produced from self-fertilization remain uniform from one generation to the next |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
performed plant hybridization experiments
Educated in a monastery
Went on to study science and mathematics
Returned to monastery and ran experiments on pea plants |
|
|
Term
| The pea plant as a model organism |
|
Definition
Easy to grow
Large number of pure varieties
Easy pollination
Male and female sexual organs in every pea flower |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a heritable feature that varies among individuals
Ex: the color of the flowers on a pea plant
Ex: the color of our hair or skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a variant of a character
Ex: purple flowers, brown hair, white skin |
|
|
Term
| Mendel conducted experiments in three phases |
|
Definition
Self-fertilized a given variety of pea plant for several generations to ensure they were true-breeders
Performed crosses between true-breeding varieties exhibiting different forms of traits
Hybrid offspring were self-fertilized for several generations
Observed alternate forms of the traits
Recorded the number of offspring with each trait |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – follows only two variations on a single character |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cross of true-breeder plants produces the first filial generation (F1)
Fertilization of F1 generation produces the second filial generation (F2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Trait expressed in the F1 generation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Trait hidden in the F1 generation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Alternative forms of a gene
Dominant/recessive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
homozygous
Homozygous dominant
Homozygous recessive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alleles govern the same character but |
|
Definition
| do not necessarily contain the same information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The probability of two independent events occurring together
multiply the probabilities of each event occurring separately |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The probability of an outcome that can be obtained in more than one way
add the separate probabilities |
|
|
Term
| Parents do not transmit traits directly to their offspring – |
|
Definition
| they transmit discrete information for traits |
|
|
Term
| Not all copies of a gene are identical |
|
Definition
| Alternative forms of a gene are called alleles |
|
|
Term
| Mendel’s first law of heredity |
|
Definition
Principle of segregation
Before sexual reproduction occurs, the two alleles carried by a parent must be separated (or segregated)
Meiosis ensures that each sex cell has only one allele |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| individual with unknown genotype is crossed with a homozygous recessive genotype |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
groups of genes on the same chromosome
tend to be inherited together (linkage) |
|
|
Term
| Two loci linked close together |
|
Definition
on same pair of homologous chromosomes
independent assortment does not apply |
|
|
Term
| There are several assumptions in Mendel’s model that are oversimplifications |
|
Definition
Each trait is specified by a single gene with two alternative alleles
No environmental effects
Gene products act independently |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This discovery was made by Thomas Hunt Morgan in the early 1900’s using a fruit fly model. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Allele that has more than one affect on overall phenotype
Single gene affects more than one trait |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heterozygote is intermediate in appearance between the two homozygotes |
|
|
Term
Incomplete Dominance /
Codominance
Multiple Alleles
Polygenetic Inheritance
Linked genes
Sex-linked genes
Pleiotropy |
|
Definition
(snapdragon flower color)
(blood type)
(blood type)
(skin color)
(fruit fly color and wing length)
(colorblindness/hemophelia)
(Sickle cell anemia / Marphan’s syndrome) |
|
|
