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| reduction or oxidation of an electron |
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| gain electron, gain hydrogen, loose oxygen |
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| looses electrons, loose hydrogen, gain oxygen |
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| What dictates the rate of a reaction |
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Definition
| concentrations of reactants and products, alignment of reactants, minimum kinetic enegy of a reaction |
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Definition
| require an activation energy to overcome the energy barrier for the reaction, or substrates seldom have enough potential energy to spontaneously form product |
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| when substrate reaches its energy of activation |
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| inhibitor permanetly alter active site, not useful in cells |
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| based on concentrations of reactants, indermediates and products |
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Definition
| both substrate and product bind at the same active site |
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| noncompetitive inhibition |
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| minimum, maximum, and optimal temperature for each function |
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| releases the energy present in the covalent bonds of glucose and traps a portion of this energy in the bonds as ATP |
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| Anaerobic; in cytoplasm; first step in cellular respiration |
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| Aerobic; Matrix of the Mitochondria; 2nd step in cellular respiration |
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Term
| Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) |
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Definition
| Aerobic; matrix of the mitochondrian; 3rd step in cellular respiration |
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| Aerobic; cristae of mitochondrian; 4th and final step in cellular respiration |
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| Pyruvate Oxidation makes... |
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Definition
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Definition
| 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2 |
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| pump in ETC that pumps hydrogens with their gradient to make 34 ATP |
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Definition
| limited ATP because theres no oxygen |
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Definition
| produces ethanol and CO2; takes place in yeast cells |
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Definition
| produces lactic acid; takes place in human muscle cells |
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Definition
| breaking things down in a cell using hydrolysis |
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Definition
| building big molecules from smaller ones using dehydration synthesis |
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Definition
| energy of place, position in space |
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Term
| first law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| energy is neither created or destroyed just transformed; aka law of conservation of energy |
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Term
| second law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| no energy transformation is 100% efficient therefore, entropy ( wasted energy) increases. aka law of entropy |
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Definition
| wasted energy; disorder; unusable energy |
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| unusable energy ( entropy) |
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Definition
| free energy is released; covalent bonds are being broken |
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Term
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Definition
| free energy is added; covalent bonds are being formed |
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Term
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Definition
| energy is realeased ( -ΔG ) |
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Term
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Definition
| energy is stored or added ( +ΔG ) |
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Term
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Definition
| exo and ender reactions are always together, can never have one without the other |
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Term
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Definition
| can go either way; substrate is different than product |
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Term
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Definition
| substrate and product are the same molecule |
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Term
| enzyme catalized reaction |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| enzymes will only work with their assigned substrate |
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Term
| what dictates the rate of a reaction |
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Definition
-concentration of reactants and products
-allignment of reactants
-activation energy of a reactant |
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Term
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Definition
| protein catalyst that lowers the actication enerfy of a chemical reaction occurs at a rate the can support life. |
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Term
| enzymes are regulated by.. |
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Definition
-concentration gradients
-enviromental influences
-inhibitors and activators |
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Term
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Definition
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| How do enzymes lower Activation energy |
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Definition
-orient the reactant
-induce strain on the reactant ( induced fit model)
-temporary chemical charge |
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Term
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Definition
-the actice site will change shape to fit the substrates
transition state
-substrate becomes product
-enzyme returns to origional state |
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Definition
| makes active form less likely to occur |
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Definition
| stabalizes active form of enzyme |
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Definition
| binding of substrate occurs at a faster rate after the first molecule is bound |
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| aids an enzyme; binds at active site and is changed during the course of the reaction |
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