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Biology
Bio 124 Exam 2 (lecture 9,10,11,12,13 ) University of Tampa
83
Biology
Undergraduate 2
03/04/2013

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Cards

Term
What DNA nucleotides pair with each other?
Definition

Adenine pairs with Thymine

Guanine pairs with Cytosine

Term
Adenine pairs with what other DNA nucleotide?
Definition
thymine (T)
Term
Thymine pairs with what other DNA nucleotide?
Definition
adenine (A)
Term
Guanine pairs with what other DNA nucleotide?
Definition
cytosine (C)
Term
Cytosine pairs with what other DNA nucleotide?
Definition
guanine (G)
Term
What is a genome?
Definition
The entire DNA content of an organism.
Term
What are two functions of the genome?
Definition

1) encode information for protein synthesis

2) make more copies: DNA replication

Term
What if DNA polymerase had a high mutation rate?
Definition
There would be many copies of mutated DNA encoding to wrong proteins.
Term
Why is DNA replication semiconservative?
Definition

The new DNA molecule contains one new strand and one old strand. It is the base pairing rules that allow DNA to replicate itself the same way every time given an old strand always pairs with a new strand.

 

Term
What are the different types of mutations?
Definition

- Substitution

- Deletion

- Insertion

Term

What are SNP's?

 

Definition

The single base pair changes in the genome.

 

Term
How are SNP's used in medicine?
Definition
SNP's are used to investigate mutations that are associated with disease. They also establish relationships between organisms. One example is a paternity test and another is finding the BRAC1 gene for breast cancer.
Term
What are some pros of using genome sequencing in medicine?
Definition

- can find mutations associated with diseases

- can help with planned parenthood choices

Term

What are some cons of using genome sequencing in medicine?

Definition

- new technology is still under experimentation 

- not 100% reliable

- missleading results or diagnosis can occur

- very expensive

- potential for discrimination 

Term
What is gene therapy?
Definition
The treatment of a genetic disorder by inserting a gene into mutated cells to cure a disorder.
Term
What diseases could potentially be treated using gene therapy?
Definition

- cancer

- immune disorders

- Cystic Fibrosis

Term
Why has gene therapy been hard to develop?
Definition

- Targeting only the mutated cells, in the mutated tissue is hard. The gene often affects normal cells causing the development of new mutations.

- Activating the gene once in the cells to produce the new encoded protein is hard.

- The immune system will try to fight off the gene delivery if spotted. This can cause illness or death.

 

*Gene delivery and activation are the biggest obstacles facing gene therapy researchers.

Term
What is genetically modified food?
Definition
Food that has had genes inserted into it to give it desired traits.
Term
What are some pros of genetically modified foods?
Definition

- increased pest and disease resistance

- increased food supply

- drought tolerance

Term

What are some cons of genetically modified foods?

Definition

- no longer "all-natural"

- Un-known health risks

- Not regulated 

Term
What is the difference between diploid(2n) cells and haploid(n) cells?
Definition
Diploid cells have two complete sets of DNA, while Haploid cells have only one set of DNA.
Term
What is a Zygote?
Definition
A fertilized egg cell.
Term
Why are diploid cells not used for fertilization and reproduction?
Definition
The diploid cell would create two copies in the zygote.
Term
What is assisted reproductive technology?
Definition
Fertility treatment in which both eggs and sperm are handled. The eggs are surgically removed and combined with sperm in the lab, the embryo is then planted into the woman's body.
Term
What is one benefit and one risk of using Assisted Reproductive Technology(ART)?
Definition

Benefit: Those that have difficulty getting pregnant are given another chance for success.

Risk: Increased risk of multiple deliveries, pre-term deliveries, and low birth weights.

Term
Gene
Definition
A specific DNA nucleotide sequence that codes for a protein.
Term
Genotype
Definition
Set of genes in the genome.
Term
Phenotype
Definition
The physical features and functional traits of the organism.
Term

What is a codon?

 

Definition

- how information for protein synthesis is stored

- nucleotide triplets for amino acids

 

 

Term

Translate the following RNA sequence into a protein using the genetic code:

UAUAGUGGUACUCAA

Definition

UAUAGUGGUACUCAA 

AUAUCACCAUGAGUU

Term

What would happen to the encoded protein if you inserted one nucleotide at the beginning of the RNA sequence?

(called frameshift mutation)

Definition
In general it would cause the reading of codons following after the mutation to code for wrong amino acids. It will also alter the first "stop" codon in the sequence. This mutation normally leads to serious genetic diseases.
Term
How can one mutation cause Sickle-cell anemia?
Definition
All it takes to cause a disease is one mutation. The sickle-cell anemia causes red blood cells to change from circular to a crescent shape. This shape does not allow the blood cells to flow at ease past one another. They sometimes get caught up on each other and cause pain in back and chest bones.
Term
Contrast mitosis and meiosis
Definition

Mitosis

- 2 daughter cells

- each cell has 46 chromosomes

- genetically identical

- diploid

- 1 division

- asexual

- makes everything but sex cells

Meiosis

- 4 daughter cells

- each cell has 23 chromosomes

- aren't genetically identical (unique)

- haploid

- 2 divisions

- sexual

-  creates sex cells

Term
What are tetrads?
Definition
The structure formed when two homologous pairs of chromosomes come together.
Term
What are some human diseases caused by an error in meiosis?
Definition

- Down Syndrome (trisomy of chromosome 21)

- Turner Syndrome (monosomy of only one x chromosome)

Term
What is the purpose of DNA?
Definition

- Directs the development and function of all living organisms.

- DNA molecules pass genetic information from one generation to the next.

Term
What does DNA stand for?
Definition
deoxyribonucleic acid
Term
A DNA molecule has how many strands?
Definition
2
Term
What are the four types of DNA nucleotides?
Definition

adenine (A)

thymine (T)

guanine (G)

cytosine (C)

Term
What is DNA polymerase?
Definition
The enzyme responsible for the synthesis of new DNA copies. Has a low error rate.
Term
External factors such as _____, _____ and _____ can cause mutations.
Definition

radiation

chemicals

UV light

Term
DNA mutations in the genome have different consequences. What are these consequences?
Definition

- no change in phenotype (silent)

- small change in phenotype

- big change in phenotype

Term

What is DNA Technology and how can it be used?

Definition

Methods for studying and manipulating genetic material.

Can be used to:

- diagnose and cure diseases

- assist criminal investigations

- improve food crops

Term
What is STR?
Definition

Short Tandem Repeats

The unique patterns in the DNA sequence that every individual has.

Term
What does RNA stand for?
Definition
ribonucleic acid
Term
A RNA molecule has how many strands?
Definition
1
Term
What are the four types of RNA nucleotides?
Definition

adenine (A)

uracil (U)

guanine (G)

cytosine (C)

Term
Adenine pairs with what other RNA nucleotide?
Definition
uracil (U)
Term
Uracil pairs with what other RNA nucleotide?
Definition
adenine (A)
Term
Guanine pairs with what other RNA nucleotide?
Definition
cytosine (C)
Term
Cytosine pairs with what other RNA nucleotide?
Definition
guanine (G)
Term
What is genetic code used for?
Definition
Used to change nucleotide sequenced information into proteins.
Term
What are proteins?
Definition
long chains of amino acids
Term
Cells have how many amino acids?
Definition
20
Term
What is Strand Complementarity?
Definition

When nucleotides in one strand specifically pair with nucleotides in the other strand.

G------C

C------G

T------A

A------T

C------G

Term
How is DNA technology used in agriculture?
Definition
genetically modified foods
Term
What is life cycle?
Definition
The sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism.
Term
Through sexual reproduction ______ ______ increases and _____ _____ harmful genes.
Definition

- genetic diversity

- weeds out

Term
Animals contain how many copies of each chromosome?
Definition
2
Term
What two types of chromosomes do animals carry?
Definition

Autosomes- all chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes

Sex- x and y chromosomes that carry sex-specific genes

Term
Humans have how many autosomal chromosomes and how many sex chromosomes?
Definition

44 autosomal chromosomes

2 sex chromosomes

Term
What are the two types of animal cells?
Definition

Germ cells- produce gametes 

Somatic cells- produce all other cells in the body

Term
What are gametes?
Definition
Reproductive cells (egg or sperm) having the haploid number of chromosomes.
Term
Animals reproduce using ______ cells.
Definition
gamete (sex)
Term
Genetic information is expressed in what two steps?
Definition

Transcription: Copies DNA information into RNA using the enzyme RNA polymerase.

Translation: Ribosomes help translate RNA information into proteins.

Term
What is meiosis?
Definition
A cell division process needed for sexual reproduction that makes four haploid cells.
Term
Chromosome assortment during ______ is random, which contributes to the ______ diversity seen in the resulting gametes.
Definition

meiosis

genetic

 

Term
What is the name for the swapping of DNA regions between homologous chromosomes?
Definition
Crossing Over
Term

Meiosis has how many cell divisions?

What are the divisions? 

 

Definition

2

Meiosis 1: separation of homologous chromosomes, producing two cells

Meiosis 2: separation of chromosome copies(sister chromatids) forming four haploid cells

Term
Errors in meiosis can result in what?
Definition
Gametes containing the wrong number of chromosomes which can cause abnormal zygotes.
Term
What is synapsis?
Definition
The connecting of homologous chromosomes to form a tetrad.
Term
Autosomes
Definition
all chromosomes other than sex chromosomes
Term
What is the function of meiosis?
Definition
produce cells for sexual reproduction
Term
What is the function of mitosis?
Definition
produce new cells for everything other then sexual reproduction
Term
Sex chromosomes
Definition
x and y chromosomes that carry sex-specific genes
Term
What are homologous chromosomes?
Definition
A pair of chromosomes having the same gene sequences.
Term
Locus
Definition
the specific location of a gene on a chromosome
Term
What is an anti-codon?
Definition
a nucleotide triplet that pairs with its opposite nucleotide
Term
Why don't all genes have the same probability to crossover to another chromosome?
Definition
Depending on the distance between two genes on a chromosome, there will be a different probability of certain genes separating. The farther two genes are apart the more likely a cross over will occur and genes will be separated.
Term
What is crossing over?
Definition
The exchange of genetic material between two non-sister chromatids in a homologous pair.
Term
What are recombinant chromosomes?
Definition
The completed exchange of genetic information with four different types of sister chromatids oppose to only two different types of sister chromatids before crossing over occur.
Term
What is the purpose of RNA?
Definition
To transfer the genetic code needed for the creation of proteins from the nucleus to the ribosome. Keeps DNA protected by not having to leave the nucleus.
Term
What does SNP stand for?
Definition
single nucleotide polymorphism
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