Term
| What DNA nucleotides pair with each other? |
|
Definition
Adenine pairs with Thymine
Guanine pairs with Cytosine |
|
|
Term
| Adenine pairs with what other DNA nucleotide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thymine pairs with what other DNA nucleotide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Guanine pairs with what other DNA nucleotide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cytosine pairs with what other DNA nucleotide? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The entire DNA content of an organism. |
|
|
Term
| What are two functions of the genome? |
|
Definition
1) encode information for protein synthesis
2) make more copies: DNA replication |
|
|
Term
| What if DNA polymerase had a high mutation rate? |
|
Definition
| There would be many copies of mutated DNA encoding to wrong proteins. |
|
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Term
| Why is DNA replication semiconservative? |
|
Definition
The new DNA molecule contains one new strand and one old strand. It is the base pairing rules that allow DNA to replicate itself the same way every time given an old strand always pairs with a new strand.
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Term
| What are the different types of mutations? |
|
Definition
- Substitution
- Deletion
- Insertion |
|
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Term
|
Definition
The single base pair changes in the genome.
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|
|
Term
| How are SNP's used in medicine? |
|
Definition
| SNP's are used to investigate mutations that are associated with disease. They also establish relationships between organisms. One example is a paternity test and another is finding the BRAC1 gene for breast cancer. |
|
|
Term
| What are some pros of using genome sequencing in medicine? |
|
Definition
- can find mutations associated with diseases
- can help with planned parenthood choices |
|
|
Term
What are some cons of using genome sequencing in medicine?
|
|
Definition
- new technology is still under experimentation
- not 100% reliable
- missleading results or diagnosis can occur
- very expensive
- potential for discrimination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The treatment of a genetic disorder by inserting a gene into mutated cells to cure a disorder. |
|
|
Term
| What diseases could potentially be treated using gene therapy? |
|
Definition
- cancer
- immune disorders
- Cystic Fibrosis |
|
|
Term
| Why has gene therapy been hard to develop? |
|
Definition
- Targeting only the mutated cells, in the mutated tissue is hard. The gene often affects normal cells causing the development of new mutations.
- Activating the gene once in the cells to produce the new encoded protein is hard.
- The immune system will try to fight off the gene delivery if spotted. This can cause illness or death.
*Gene delivery and activation are the biggest obstacles facing gene therapy researchers. |
|
|
Term
| What is genetically modified food? |
|
Definition
| Food that has had genes inserted into it to give it desired traits. |
|
|
Term
| What are some pros of genetically modified foods? |
|
Definition
- increased pest and disease resistance
- increased food supply
- drought tolerance |
|
|
Term
What are some cons of genetically modified foods?
|
|
Definition
- no longer "all-natural"
- Un-known health risks
- Not regulated |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between diploid(2n) cells and haploid(n) cells? |
|
Definition
| Diploid cells have two complete sets of DNA, while Haploid cells have only one set of DNA. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are diploid cells not used for fertilization and reproduction? |
|
Definition
| The diploid cell would create two copies in the zygote. |
|
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Term
| What is assisted reproductive technology? |
|
Definition
| Fertility treatment in which both eggs and sperm are handled. The eggs are surgically removed and combined with sperm in the lab, the embryo is then planted into the woman's body. |
|
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Term
| What is one benefit and one risk of using Assisted Reproductive Technology(ART)? |
|
Definition
Benefit: Those that have difficulty getting pregnant are given another chance for success.
Risk: Increased risk of multiple deliveries, pre-term deliveries, and low birth weights. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A specific DNA nucleotide sequence that codes for a protein. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Set of genes in the genome. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The physical features and functional traits of the organism. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
- how information for protein synthesis is stored
- nucleotide triplets for amino acids
|
|
|
Term
Translate the following RNA sequence into a protein using the genetic code:
UAUAGUGGUACUCAA |
|
Definition
UAUAGUGGUACUCAA
AUAUCACCAUGAGUU |
|
|
Term
What would happen to the encoded protein if you inserted one nucleotide at the beginning of the RNA sequence?
(called frameshift mutation) |
|
Definition
| In general it would cause the reading of codons following after the mutation to code for wrong amino acids. It will also alter the first "stop" codon in the sequence. This mutation normally leads to serious genetic diseases. |
|
|
Term
| How can one mutation cause Sickle-cell anemia? |
|
Definition
| All it takes to cause a disease is one mutation. The sickle-cell anemia causes red blood cells to change from circular to a crescent shape. This shape does not allow the blood cells to flow at ease past one another. They sometimes get caught up on each other and cause pain in back and chest bones. |
|
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Term
| Contrast mitosis and meiosis |
|
Definition
Mitosis
- 2 daughter cells
- each cell has 46 chromosomes
- genetically identical
- diploid
- 1 division
- asexual
- makes everything but sex cells
Meiosis
- 4 daughter cells
- each cell has 23 chromosomes
- aren't genetically identical (unique)
- haploid
- 2 divisions
- sexual
- creates sex cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The structure formed when two homologous pairs of chromosomes come together. |
|
|
Term
| What are some human diseases caused by an error in meiosis? |
|
Definition
- Down Syndrome (trisomy of chromosome 21)
- Turner Syndrome (monosomy of only one x chromosome) |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of DNA? |
|
Definition
- Directs the development and function of all living organisms.
- DNA molecules pass genetic information from one generation to the next. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A DNA molecule has how many strands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four types of DNA nucleotides? |
|
Definition
adenine (A)
thymine (T)
guanine (G)
cytosine (C) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The enzyme responsible for the synthesis of new DNA copies. Has a low error rate. |
|
|
Term
| External factors such as _____, _____ and _____ can cause mutations. |
|
Definition
radiation
chemicals
UV light |
|
|
Term
| DNA mutations in the genome have different consequences. What are these consequences? |
|
Definition
- no change in phenotype (silent)
- small change in phenotype
- big change in phenotype |
|
|
Term
What is DNA Technology and how can it be used? |
|
Definition
Methods for studying and manipulating genetic material.
Can be used to:
- diagnose and cure diseases
- assist criminal investigations
- improve food crops |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Short Tandem Repeats
The unique patterns in the DNA sequence that every individual has. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A RNA molecule has how many strands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four types of RNA nucleotides? |
|
Definition
adenine (A)
uracil (U)
guanine (G)
cytosine (C) |
|
|
Term
| Adenine pairs with what other RNA nucleotide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Uracil pairs with what other RNA nucleotide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Guanine pairs with what other RNA nucleotide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cytosine pairs with what other RNA nucleotide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is genetic code used for? |
|
Definition
| Used to change nucleotide sequenced information into proteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long chains of amino acids |
|
|
Term
| Cells have how many amino acids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Strand Complementarity? |
|
Definition
When nucleotides in one strand specifically pair with nucleotides in the other strand.
G------C
C------G
T------A
A------T
C------G |
|
|
Term
| How is DNA technology used in agriculture? |
|
Definition
| genetically modified foods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism. |
|
|
Term
| Through sexual reproduction ______ ______ increases and _____ _____ harmful genes. |
|
Definition
- genetic diversity
- weeds out |
|
|
Term
| Animals contain how many copies of each chromosome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two types of chromosomes do animals carry? |
|
Definition
Autosomes- all chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes
Sex- x and y chromosomes that carry sex-specific genes |
|
|
Term
| Humans have how many autosomal chromosomes and how many sex chromosomes? |
|
Definition
44 autosomal chromosomes
2 sex chromosomes |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of animal cells? |
|
Definition
Germ cells- produce gametes
Somatic cells- produce all other cells in the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reproductive cells (egg or sperm) having the haploid number of chromosomes. |
|
|
Term
| Animals reproduce using ______ cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Genetic information is expressed in what two steps? |
|
Definition
Transcription: Copies DNA information into RNA using the enzyme RNA polymerase.
Translation: Ribosomes help translate RNA information into proteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A cell division process needed for sexual reproduction that makes four haploid cells. |
|
|
Term
| Chromosome assortment during ______ is random, which contributes to the ______ diversity seen in the resulting gametes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name for the swapping of DNA regions between homologous chromosomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Meiosis has how many cell divisions?
What are the divisions?
|
|
Definition
2
Meiosis 1: separation of homologous chromosomes, producing two cells
Meiosis 2: separation of chromosome copies(sister chromatids) forming four haploid cells |
|
|
Term
| Errors in meiosis can result in what? |
|
Definition
| Gametes containing the wrong number of chromosomes which can cause abnormal zygotes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The connecting of homologous chromosomes to form a tetrad. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all chromosomes other than sex chromosomes |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of meiosis? |
|
Definition
| produce cells for sexual reproduction |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of mitosis? |
|
Definition
| produce new cells for everything other then sexual reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| x and y chromosomes that carry sex-specific genes |
|
|
Term
| What are homologous chromosomes? |
|
Definition
| A pair of chromosomes having the same gene sequences. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the specific location of a gene on a chromosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a nucleotide triplet that pairs with its opposite nucleotide |
|
|
Term
| Why don't all genes have the same probability to crossover to another chromosome? |
|
Definition
| Depending on the distance between two genes on a chromosome, there will be a different probability of certain genes separating. The farther two genes are apart the more likely a cross over will occur and genes will be separated. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The exchange of genetic material between two non-sister chromatids in a homologous pair. |
|
|
Term
| What are recombinant chromosomes? |
|
Definition
| The completed exchange of genetic information with four different types of sister chromatids oppose to only two different types of sister chromatids before crossing over occur. |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of RNA? |
|
Definition
| To transfer the genetic code needed for the creation of proteins from the nucleus to the ribosome. Keeps DNA protected by not having to leave the nucleus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single nucleotide polymorphism |
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