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| Is an organized way of using evidence to lear about the natural world |
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| the process of gathering information about events or processes in a carful orderly way |
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| the information gathered from observations |
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| is a logical interpretation based on prior knowledge or expierience |
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| is a proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations |
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| the idea that life could arise from nonliving matter |
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| whenever possible, a hypothesis should be tested by an experiment in which only one variable is changed at a time. All other variable should be kept unchanged, or controlled |
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| the variable that is deliberately changed |
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| the variable that is observed and that changes in response to the manipulated variable |
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| an idea that is not supported by evidence |
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| is the science that employs the scientific method to studying living things |
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| the part of Earth that contains all ecosystems |
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| community and its nonliving surroundings |
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| populations that live together in a defined area |
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| group of organisms of one type that live in the same area |
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| tissues, organs, and organ system |
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| smallest functional unit of life |
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| Groups of atoms; smalles unit of most chemical compounds |
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| in a decimal system of measurment whose units are based on certain physical standards and are scaled on multiples of 10 |
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| devices that produce magnified images of structures that are too small to see with the unaided eye |
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| Compound light microscopes |
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| allow light to pass through the specimen and use two lenses to for an image |
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| use beams of electrons, rather that light, to produce images |
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| develops from the singe original cell |
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| a technique to seperate the different cell parts |
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| is a negatively charged particle (-) |
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| is a pure substance that consists entierly of one type of atom |
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| Atoms of the same element that differ in teh number of neutrons they contain |
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| is a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions |
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| is formed when one or more electrons are transferreed from one atom to another |
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| These are positively and negatively charged atom |
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| forms when electrons are shared between atoms |
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| after the scientist who discoverd them |
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| is an attraction between molecules of the same substance |
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| is a an attraction between molecules of different substances |
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| is a material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically comvined |
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| When ions gradually become dispersed in the water, forming a type of mixture |
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| the substance that is dissolved |
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| the substance in which the solute dissolves |
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| mixtures of water and nondissolved material |
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| used to indicate the concentration of H+ ions in the solutions |
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| is any compound that form H+ ions in solution |
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| is a compound that produces hydroxide ions (OH- ions) |
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| are weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or baseas to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH |
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| the same definition as monomers |
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| are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms |
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| the large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides |
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| are made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms |
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| are macromelecules containing hydrogen oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosperus |
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| consist of three parts: a 5-carbon sugar, a phospate group, and a nitrogenous base |
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| contains the sugar deoxyribose |
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| are macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydgrogen, and oxygen |
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| are compounds with an amino group (-NH2) on one end and carbodyl group (-COOH) |
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| is a process that changes, or transforms, one set of chemicals into another |
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| the elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction |
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| the elements or compunds produced by a chemical reaction |
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| Chemists call the energy that is needed to get a reaction started |
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| is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction |
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| are proteins that act as biological catalysts |
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| the reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reaction |
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| factor in an experiment that a scientist purposely changes; also known Manipulated variable |
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| factor in an experiment that a scientist wants to observe, which may change because of the manipulated variable; also known as a responding variable |
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| a procedure used to gather information of tested ideas scientists rely on the scientific method to gude their reserch as they study the world around them |
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| is the day-to-day condition of Earth's atmosphere at a particular time and place |
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| refers to the average, year-to-year conditions of temperature and precipitation in a particular region |
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| the natural situation in which heat is retained by this layer of greenhouse gases |
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| are cold areas where the sun's rays strike Earth at a very low angle. |
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| are more effected by the sun's changing angle between the circles of Antartica and the arctic, down to the tropic of Cancer and Capricorn |
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| is near the equator, thus it receives direct or nearly direct sunlight year round and its between the tropic of Capricorn and the Tropic of Cancer |
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| elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another |
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| the process by which water changes from liquid form to an atmospheric gas |
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| water can also enter the atmosphere gy evaporating from the leaves of the plants |
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| all the chemical substances that an organism needs to sustain life |
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| such bacteria, which live in the soil and on the roots of plants called leglmes, convert nitrogen gas into ammonia |
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| other soil bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas |
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| is the rate at which organic matter is created by producers |
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| when an ecosystem is limited by a single nutrient ghat is scarce or cycles very slowly |
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| an immediate increase in the amount of algae |
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| organisms that can produce their own food |
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| another name for an autotraph |
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| these autotraphss use light energy to power chemical reaction that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich carbohydrates such as surgars and starches |
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| When organisms use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates |
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| organsisms that rely on other organisms for their energy and food suppyly |
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| Another name for a heterotraph |
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| obtain energy by eating only plants |
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| including snakes, dogs, and owls, eat animals |
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| eat both plants and animals |
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| such as mites, earthworms, snails, and crabs fee on plant and animal remains |
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| breaks down organic matter |
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| a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten |
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| when the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem form a network of complex interations |
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| each step in a food chain or food web |
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| is a diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy or mattercontianed within each trophic level in a food chain or food web |
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| the total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level |
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| the biological influences on organisms within an ecosystem |
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| physical, or nonliving, factors that shape ecosystems |
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| is the full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organisms use those conditions |
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| refers to any necessity of life, such as water, nutrients, light, food, or space |
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| Competitive exclusion principle |
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| a fundamental rule in ecology that states that no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time |
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| an interaction in which one organism captures and fees on antoher organism |
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| any relationship in which two species live colsely together |
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| both species benefit from the relationship |
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| one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed |
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| one organism lives on or inside another organismand harms it |
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| the series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time |
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| The electrons on the outermost shell of an atom |
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| Is the likley hood that a particular event will occur |
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| A diagram that shows the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross |
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are organisms that have two different alleles for a particular trait |
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| organisms that have two different alleles for the same trait |
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are physical characteristics |
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| Traits that are passed down from generation to generation |
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| A physical characteristic: hair color, eye color, height, varies from individual to individual |
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Each type of plant, short plants or tall plants, only produce short plants or tall plants (short=shot, tall=tall) |
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| A chemical factor for determining physical traits that is found in your DNA |
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| The different forms of a gene |
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| one base is changed at a certain point in the DNA strand |
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| is a kind of virus that infects bacteria |
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| production of the RNA molecule |
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| when something permanently changes into something else |
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| are the units that make up long molecules in DNA |
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| is the process they got from studying chargraff's rules |
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| Eukaryotic chromosomes contain both DNA and protein tightly packed together to form Chromatin |
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| Before a cell divides, it duplicates its DNA |
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| The principle enzyme involved in DNA replication |
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| messenger RNA is a messenger, like a postman, carries the copies of DNA's instructions |
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| Ribosomal RNA the molecule that reads the instructions, begins making the proteins |
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Transfer RNa brings the amino acids into the ribosome & the amino acids are put together in chains to make proteins |
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| are made up of DNA and proteins |
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| Alleles for seed shape segregated independently for those for seed color |
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The heterozygous phenotype, is somewhere in between the two homozygous phenotypes |
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| Both alleles contribute to the phenotype |
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| Many genes have more that two alleles |
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Traits that are controlled by two or more genes |
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Each of the 4 chromosomes that came from the male parent has a corresponding chromosome from the female parent |
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| is a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes |
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| The gametes of sexually reproducing organisms contain only a single set of genes |
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| is teh process of reduction division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell |
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| Is a pairing of homologous chromosomes |
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| As homologous chromosomes pair up and form tetrads in meiosis I they exchange portions of their chromatids |
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| shows the relative locations of each known gene on one of the Drosphilia chromosomes |
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