Term
|
Definition
| The study of the entire animal kingdom. One of the broadest fields in all of science |
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Term
| When and where did animals originate? |
|
Definition
| originated in the Precambrian seas 600 million years ago |
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Term
|
Definition
| cells contain membrane enclosed nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
| not capable of manufacturing their own food and must relay on external food sources |
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Term
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Definition
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|
Term
| what do zoologist strive to understand? |
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Definition
| they strive to understand the origin of animal diversity, how animals perform basic life processes and how they are able to inhabit various ecosystems |
|
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Term
| principles of modern zoology are derived from what? |
|
Definition
laws of physics and chemistry
because life shares a common evolutionary origin, principles learned from the study of one group may often pertain to other groups as well |
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Term
|
Definition
| living systems demonstrate a unique and complex molecular organization |
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Term
| what do living organisms assemble? |
|
Definition
| large molecules called macromolcules that are more complex than molecules found in non-living matter |
|
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Term
| what are the four categories of biological macromolecules? |
|
Definition
nucleic acids
proteins
carbs
lipids |
|
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Term
| what do the 4 different categories differ in? |
|
Definition
components
types of bonds holding them together
functions |
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|
Term
| what are proteins made up of? |
|
Definition
| 20 different amino acid subunits. |
|
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Term
| complexity and hierarchical organization? |
|
Definition
| molecules are organized into patterns in the living world that do not exist in the non living world |
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Term
|
Definition
| new characteristics can appear at any level of organization |
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Term
| what do emergent properties depend on? |
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Definition
| the characteristics found at lower hierarchical levels |
|
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Term
| what is the commonality of living things composed of? |
|
Definition
| cells(animals are muliticellular, heterotrohpic organisms) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
a. all living things are composed of cells
b. the cell is the fundamental unit of life
c. all cells in our modern atmosphere and conditions must come from pre-existing cells |
|
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Term
| all organisms contain heredity information in the same molecule called? |
|
Definition
| a nucleic acid called DNA |
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Term
| the more closely related 2 organisms are to each other, they have what? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| genes replicate themselves forming new? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| species may split to produce new species |
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Term
|
Definition
| faithful transmission of traits from one generation to the next |
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Term
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Definition
| production of differences among the traits of individuals |
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Term
|
Definition
| provides fidelity of inheritance |
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Term
|
Definition
| a long chain of nucleotides, a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base |
|
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Term
| what does the sequence of nucleotides code for? |
|
Definition
| the order of amino acids in the protein specified |
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Term
|
Definition
| living organisms maintain themselves by acquiring nutrients from their environments |
|
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Term
| what components does metabolism include? |
|
Definition
digestion
respiration
synthesis of molecules and structure |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the study of complex metabolic functions |
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Term
|
Definition
transformation from one life to another
ex. tadpole to a frog |
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Term
|
Definition
| the study of this interaction between organisms and between organisms and their environment |
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Term
|
Definition
| living systems and their parts show precise and controlled movements arising from within the system |
|
|
Term
| how do living systems move? |
|
Definition
| they extract energy from their environments permitting the initiation of controlled movements |
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|
Term
| movements at the cellular level are required for? |
|
Definition
reproduction
growth
response to stimuli
development in multicellular organisms |
|
|
Term
| movement of non-living matter |
|
Definition
not precisely controlled by the moving objects
often involves external forces |
|
|
Term
| First Law of Thermodynamics |
|
Definition
Energy
can not be created or destroyed, but can
be transformed. |
|
|
Term
| Second Law of Thermodynamics |
|
Definition
Physical systems proceed toward a state
of entropy or disorder. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| study of reptiles and amphibians |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| study of one celled animals |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Dashing King Phillip Came Over For Good
soup)
1. Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus
(Genera plural), species |
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Term
|
Definition
- A systematic process for learning about the world
and testing our understanding of it
- The accumulated body of knowledge that results
from a dynamic process of observation, testing,
and discovery |
|
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Term
|
Definition
The word “pseudo” means false. Pseudoscience
directly translated means “false science” |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Reveal causal relationships: changes in one
variable cause changes in another one |
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Term
|
Definition
show real-world complexity
- Only feasible approach for ecosystem or planetscale
- But results are usually more difficult to interpret |
|
|
Term
| steps for scientific method |
|
Definition
A scientist makes an observation and
asks questions of some phenomenon
• The scientist formulates a
hypothesis, a statement that attempts
to answer the question
• The hypothesis is used to generate
predictions: specific statements that
can be tested
• The results support or reject the
hypothesis |
|
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Term
|
Definition
a widely accepted explanation of one or
more cause-and-effect relationships |
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Term
|
Definition
| a change in the dominant view |
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Term
|
Definition
| anything that occupies space and has a mass |
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Term
|
Definition
a substance that cannot
be broken down to simpler
substances with different
chemical or physical properties;
such as density, solubility and
melting point |
|
|
Term
| life requires how many elements |
|
Definition
25 essential elements;
some are called trace elements
(make up less 0.01%; iron and
iodine) |
|
|
Term
| what 4 elements make up 96% of your body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A substance consisting of two or more
different elements combined in a fixed ratio |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A molecule is formed when two or more atoms join
together chemically. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
the smallest unit of an element that
still retains the properties of a element |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
h have the same
numbers of protons and electrons but different
numbers of neutrons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Electrons are shared equally between
atoms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Unequal sharing of
electrons |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| weak, short-range electrostatic attractive forces between uncharged molecules, arising from the interaction of permanent or transient electric dipole moments. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
a weak
attractive force between the slightly + charge of
the H atom and a slightly – charge of another
atom |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The force of attraction that holds molecules of a given substance together. It is strongest in solids, less strong in liquids, and least strong in gases. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
a measure
of how difficult it is to break
the surface of a liquid |
|
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Term
|
Definition
amount of energy that must be absorbed to
change temperature of 1 gram of the substance by 1°C, and
amount of energy lost when substance cools by 1°C. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
liquid consisting of a uniform
mixture of two or more substances |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is one in which water is the solvent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Any substance that has an affinity for water;
ionic and polar |
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Term
|
Definition
– Any substance that does NOT have an
affinity for water; nonionic and nonpolar – oil, cell
membrane |
|
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Term
|
Definition
substance that reduces the H+
concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
indicates the acidity and basicity
of a solution |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| small molecule that reacts with a similar molecule to form a larger molecule |
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Term
|
Definition
breaks down macromolecules to
make monomers available to your cells.
• This process is called hydrolysis and requires
the addition of water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Most carbohydrates have a carbon to
hydrogen to oxygen ratio of 1:2:1 |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Are a single sugar molecule with 3 to 7 carbons such as glucose,
ribose, deoxyribose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Contain two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond called a
glycosidic linkage |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Are polymers of monosaccharides |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a substance that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entirely of a large number of similar units bonded together |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the main carbohydrate in plant sap |
|
|
Term
| how to make high fructose corn syrup |
|
Definition
| convert natural glucose in corn syrup to much sweeter fructose. |
|
|
Term
| starch used in plants for |
|
Definition
| short term energy storage |
|
|
Term
| what plant cell walls consist of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cell wall of
fungi and shell
of crab contain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bacterial cell
wall contain |
|
|
Term
| why is cellulose indigestible to humans? |
|
Definition
b/c of
strong bonds.
Every other
glucose is flipped,
permitting
additional hydrogen
bonding |
|
|
Term
| 3 major classes of lipids |
|
Definition
fats=energy storage
phospholipids= membrane structure
steriods=membrane fluidity
(cholesterol) &
chemical signaling (hormones) |
|
|
Term
| fats and oils are composed of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a long hydrocarbon
chain with a carboxyl
group at one end |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| containing the greatest possible number of hydrogen atoms, and so having no carbon–carbon double or triple bonds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| having carbon–carbon double or triple bonds and therefore not containing the greatest possible number of hydrogen atoms for the number of carbons. |
|
|
Term
| phospholipids derive from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| characteristics of phospholipids |
|
Definition
– Two fatty acids attached instead of three
– Third fatty acid replaced by phosphate group
• The fatty acids are nonpolar and hydrophobic
• The phosphate group is polar and hydrophilic |
|
|
Term
| what happens when phospholipid gets mixed in water |
|
Definition
– Polar phosphate “heads” next to water
– Nonpolar fatty acid “tails” overlap and exclude
water
– Spontaneously form double layer & a sphere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – Cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– Long-chain fatty acid bonded to a longchain
alcohol
• High melting point – solid at room temp
• Waterproof - hydrophobic
• Resistant to degradation, provide protective
coating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
are polymers constructed from amino acid
monomers,
• account for more than 50% of the dry weight of
most cells,
• perform most of the tasks required for life, and
• form enzymes, chemicals that change the rate
of a chemical reaction without being changed
in the process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Keratin - makes up hair and nails
• Collagen - support many of the body’s structures e.g. tendons, skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– Almost all enzymes are proteins
• Acts as organic catalysts to accelerate chemical reactions within cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– Transport – channel and carriers, Hemoglobin; membrane proteins
– Defense – Antibodies
– Regulatory- Hormones are regulatory proteins that influence the
metabolism of cells e.g. insulin
– Contractile – Muscle proteins, microtubules
– Storage – stores amino acids
– Receptor – response of a cell to a chemical stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Peptide bonds link
adjacent amino acids
together to form a
polypeptide. One or
more polypeptide chains
fold to form a protein! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The sequence of amino acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
distribution
of distinct organizational domains.
Formation of these domains is
dictated by the “identities” of the
individual R-groups and interactions
with their environment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
interaction of 2 or more
polypeptides > functional protein. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The two strands of DNA molecules are held together by |
|
Definition
hydrogen
bonds between complimentary nitrogenous bases. |
|
|
Term
| rna has what for 4th base |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dna has what for 4th base |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| store and transmit hereditary information. |
|
|
Term
| basic features of all cells |
|
Definition
Plasma membrane
– Semifluid substance called cytosol
– Chromosomes (carry genes)
– Ribosomes (make proteins) |
|
|
Term
| prokaryotic cells are characterized by |
|
Definition
No nucleus
• DNA in an unbound region called the nucleoid
• No membrane-bound organelles
Cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
have internal membranes
that compartmentalize their functions |
|
|
Term
| Protists, fungi, animals, and plants all consist |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Only organisms of the domains Bacteria and
Archaea consist of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
is a selective barrier that
allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and
waste
• The biological membrane is a double layer of
phospholipids |
|
|
Term
| Eukaryotic cells are characterized by having |
|
Definition
DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a
membranous nuclear envelope
– Membrane-bound organelles
– Cytoplasm in the region between the plasma
membrane and nucleus
• Eukaryotic cells are generally much larger than
prokaryotic cells |
|
|
Term
The eukaryotic cell’s genetic instructions are
housed in and carried out by |
|
Definition
| housed in nucleus and carried out by ribosomes |
|
|
Term
Ribosomes use the information from the DNA to
make |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nuclear envelope encloses |
|
Definition
| the nucleus separating it from the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In the nucleus, DNA is organized into discrete units
called |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The DNA and proteins of chromosomes are together
called c |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
within the nucleus and is
the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
are particles made of ribosomal RNA and
protein
• Ribosomes carry out protein synthesis in two locations
– In the cytosol (free ribosomes)
– On the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or the
nuclear envelope (bound ribosomes) |
|
|
Term
| The endomembrane system regulates |
|
Definition
protein traffic and performs metabolic
functions in the cell |
|
|
Term
| Components of the endomembrane system |
|
Definition
– Nuclear envelope
– Endoplasmic reticulum
– Golgi apparatus
– Lysosomes
– Vacuoles
– Plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the nuclear membrane. It usually has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid synthesis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| characteristics of rough er |
|
Definition
Has bound ribosomes, which secrete
glycoproteins (proteins covalently bonded to
carbohydrates)
– Distributes transport vesicles, proteins
surrounded by membranes
– Is a membrane factory for the cell |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of smooth er |
|
Definition
– Synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbs
– Detoxifies drugs and poisons
– Stores calcium ions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shipping and receiving center |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a membranous sac of
hydrolytic enzymes that can digest
macromolecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| engulfing another cell, creating a food vacuole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lysosomes also use enzymes to recycle the
cell’s own organelles and macromolecules, a
process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
found in many freshwater
protists, pump excess water out of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
found in many mature plant
cells, hold organic compounds and water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
are the sites of cellular respiration,
a metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate
ATP (found in both plant and animal cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
found in plants and algae, are the
sites of photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– An early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed
a nonphotosynthetic prokaryotic cell, which
formed an endosymbiont relationship with its
host
– The host cell and endosymbiont merged into a
single organism, a eukaryotic cell with a
mitochondrion
– At least one of these cells may have taken up
a photosynthetic prokaryote, becoming the
ancestor of cells that contain chloroplasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a smooth outer membrane and an
inner membrane folded into cristae
• The inner membrane creates two compartments:
intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix
• Some metabolic steps of cellular respiration are
catalyzed in the mitochondrial matrix
• Cristae present a large surface area for enzymes
that synthesize ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a network of fibers that
organizes structures and activities in the cell |
|
|
Term
| cytoskeleton is composed of |
|
Definition
– Microtubules – thickest of the three
– Microfilaments – thin actin filaments
– Intermediate filaments – fibers with a diameter in
the middle range of the three |
|
|
Term
| main function of microtubules |
|
Definition
maintains cell shape
organelle movement |
|
|
Term
| main function of microfilaments in cytoskeleten |
|
Definition
muscle contraction
cell division |
|
|
Term
| main function of intermediate filaments |
|
Definition
maintenance of cell shape
anchorage of nucleus
formation of nuclear laminia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – Support, adhesion, movement and regulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
membranes of neighboring
cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of
extracellular fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(anchoring junctions) fasten cells
together into strong sheets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(communicating junctions) provide
cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| molecules with hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts. |
|
|
Term
| Proteins embedded in the phospholipid membrane provide |
|
Definition
the mechanism(s)
for selectively transporting molecules across the membrane |
|
|
Term
| Unsaturated fatty acids increase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
small non-charged molecules, such as
CO2, O2 and glycerol and alcohol
! No ATP requirement
1. Diffusion - molecules follow concentration gradient -
2. Facilitated Transport – involves a channel or carrier protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
requires energy in the form of ATP
1. Active Transport - against concentration gradient , requires
carrier protein
2. Bulk Transport- uses vesicles to transport out or into membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Special case of diffusion
! Focuses on solvent (water) movement rather than
solute
! Diffusion of water across a differentially (selectively)
permeable membrane
! Solute concentration on one side high, but water
concentration low
! Solute concentration on other side low, but water
concentration high
! Water diffuses both ways across membrane but
solute can’t
! Net movement of water is toward low water (high
solute) concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Solute and water concentrations equal on both
sides of membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
! Concentration of solute lower than on other side
! Cells placed in a hypotonic solution will swell
! May cause cells to break – Lysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
! Concentration of solute higher than on other side
! Cells placed in a hypertonic solution will shrink –
Plasmolysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| facilitated transfer involves |
|
Definition
Small molecules such as amino acids and glucose
can’t get through membrane lipids.
! Therefore, they combine with specific carrier
proteins that transport them thru the membrane.
! No energy is required
! The transport follows concentration gradient;
moves from high to low concentration
! The carrier protein undergoes a reversible shape
change as it moves a solute across the membrane |
|
|
Term
| active transport involves |
|
Definition
Small molecules or ions move thru the plasma
membrane
! Energy is needed to move against concentration
gradient (opposite of diffusion)
! Both carrier proteins and energy are needed to
transport molecules against their concentration
gradient
! These carrier proteins are often called pumps; Na+
K+ pump |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| accelerate chemical reactions |
|
|
Term
! Substrate must fit
to active site like
“lock and key” in order for what to work |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what if active site of enzyme changes shape? |
|
Definition
ph changes
High
temperature
! High salt
concentration
! High alcohol
concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O2 and organic
molecules, which are used in cellular
respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
is a partial degradation of sugars
that occurs without O2 |
|
|
Term
| stage 1 of cellular respiration |
|
Definition
Glycolysis (breaks down glucose into two
molecules of pyruvate) |
|
|
Term
| stage 2 of cellular respiration |
|
Definition
citric acid cycle. (completes the
breakdown of glucose) |
|
|
Term
| stage 3 of cellular respiration |
|
Definition
– Oxidative phosphorylation (accounts for
most of the ATP synthesis) |
|
|
Term
For each molecule of glucose degraded to CO2
and water by respiration, the cell makes up to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does glycolysis occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| glycolysis occurs whether or not what is present |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| investment stage of glycolysis |
|
Definition
| This stage consumes energy to convert the glucose molecule into two molecules three-carbon sugar molecule. |
|
|
Term
| energy pay off phase of glycolysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does Oxidative Phosphorylation occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Oxidation of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA- The
Prep Reaction |
|
Definition
In the presence of O2
, pyruvate enters the
mitochondrion (in eukaryotic cells) where the
oxidation of glucose is completed
• But before the citric acid cycle can begin,
pyruvate must be converted to acetyl
Coenzyme A (acetyl CoA), which links
glycolysis to the citric acid cycle
• This step is carried out by a multienzyme
complex that catalyses three reactions |
|
|
Term
| the citric acid cycle also known as the krebs cycles |
|
Definition
completes the break down of pyruvate
to CO2
• The cycle oxidizes organic fuel derived from
pyruvate, generating 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1
FADH2 per turn
• The cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix |
|
|
Term
| how many steps does the citric acid cycle have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the citric acid cycle steps |
|
Definition
The citric acid cycle has eight steps, each
catalyzed by a specific enzyme
• The acetyl group of acetyl CoA joins the cycle
by combining with oxaloacetate, forming citrate
• The next seven steps decompose the citrate
back to oxaloacetate, making the process a
cycle
• The NADH and FADH2 produced by the cycle
relay electrons extracted from food to the
electron transport chain |
|
|
Term
| what do NADH and FADH2 account for |
|
Definition
| most of the energy extracted from food |
|
|
Term
| where is the electron transport chain located |
|
Definition
| in the inner membrane (cristae) of the mitochondrion |
|
|
Term
| the electron transport carriers alter what |
|
Definition
| reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work |
|
|
Term
| fermentation uses what to create atp |
|
Definition
substrate-level phosphorylation
instead of an electron transport chain to generate ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps, with the first releasing
CO2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pyruvate is reduced
to NADH, forming lactate as an end product,
with no release of CO2
• Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and
bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt
• Human muscle cells use lactic acid
fermentation to generate ATP when O2
is scarce |
|
|
Term
Comparing Fermentation with Anaerobic
and Aerobic Respiration |
|
Definition
All use glycolysis (net ATP = 2) to oxidize glucose
and harvest chemical energy of food
• In all three, NAD+
is the oxidizing agent that
accepts electrons during glycolysis
• The processes have different final electron
acceptors: an organic molecule (such as pyruvate
or acetaldehyde) in fermentation and O2
in cellular
respiration
• Cellular respiration produces 32 ATP per glucose
molecule; fermentation produces 2 ATP per
glucose molecule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
feed glycolysis or the citric
acid cycle |
|
|
Term
| fatty acids are broken down by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an oxidized gram of fat can produce how much more atp than an oxidized gram of carbs |
|
Definition
twice as much ATP as an oxidized gram of
carbohydrate |
|
|
Term
| in uniceullular organisms |
|
Definition
division of one cell
reproduces the entire organism |
|
|
Term
| • Multicellular organisms depend on cell division for |
|
Definition
Development from a fertilized cell
– Growth
– Repair |
|
|
Term
| All the DNA in a cell constitutes what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA molecules in a cell are packaged into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a complex of DNA and protein that condenses during cell division in eukaryotic chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(nonreproductive cells) have two sets
of chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(reproductive cells: sperm and eggs) have
half as many chromosomes as somatic cells |
|
|
Term
| what happens In preparation for cell division |
|
Definition
| DNA is replicated and the chromosomes condense |
|
|
Term
| each duplicated chromosome has |
|
Definition
two sister chromatids (joined copies of the original
chromosome), which separate during cell division |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the narrow “waist” of the
duplicated chromosome, where the two
chromatids are most closely attached |
|
|
Term
| During cell division, the two sister chromatids of each duplicated chromosome |
|
Definition
| separate and move into two nuclei being called chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the division of the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
by a variation of cell
division called meiosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
non-identical daughter cells that
have only one set of chromosomes, half as many as the parent cell |
|
|
Term
| interphase phase of the cell cycle |
|
Definition
(cell growth and copying of
chromosomes in preparation for cell division) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (mitosis and cytokinesis) |
|
|
Term
| interphase is about how much of the cell cycle |
|
Definition
| (about 90% of the cell cycle) |
|
|
Term
| what happens in the g1 phase of the interphase |
|
Definition
| it is the first gap and cell growth and organelle replication |
|
|
Term
| what happens in the s phase of the interphase sub group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens in the g2 phase of the interphase sub group |
|
Definition
2nd gap
additional cell growth if needed and dna repair |
|
|
Term
The cell grows during all three phases of the interphase subgroups, but
chromosomes are duplicated only during the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
is a structure made of
microtubules that controls chromosome movement during mitosis |
|
|
Term
In animal cells, assembly of spindle microtubules
begins in |
|
Definition
the centrosome, the microtubule
organizing center |
|
|
Term
| The centrosome replicates during |
|
Definition
interphase,
forming two centrosomes that migrate to opposite
ends of the cell during prophase and
prometaphase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(a radial array of short microtubules) extends
from each centrosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
are protein complexes associated with
centromeres |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the chromosomes are all lined up at
the metaphase plate, an imaginary structure at the
midway point between the spindle’s two poles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sister chromatids separate and move
along the kinetochore microtubules toward oppositeends of the cell. The microtubules shorten by depolymerizing at their
kinetochore ends
• Nonkinetochore microtubules from opposite poles
overlap and push against each other, elongating the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
genetically identical daughter nuclei
form at opposite ends of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
during anaphase or telophase
and the spindle eventually disassembles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- first stage of mitosis
•Condensation of
chromatin into
distinct
chromosomes.
•Initiation of spindle
apparatus assembly.
•Nuclear envelope
(NE) breakdown
defines the “end” of
prophase. |
|
|
Term
| During prometaphase(2nd stage of mitosis) |
|
Definition
the centrosomes/MTOCs/spindle
poles reach opposite sides of the nucleus.
•The chromosomes attach to
the spindle mts (green fibers)
and begin to align at the
midpoint between the spindle
poles.
•Single replicated chromosome
composed of two chromatids
•Microtubules (mts) attach to
chromosomes at specific sites
called centromeres or kinetochores. |
|
|
Term
| metaphase(3rd stage of mitosis) |
|
Definition
| - the point in mitosis when all chromosomes are attached to both poles of the spindle apparatus. |
|
|
Term
anaphase
4th phase of mitosis |
|
Definition
e the sister chromatids separate and are
pulled to the opposite poles of the spindle apparatus.
•This is the shortest stage
of mitosis.
•During anaphase,
chromosome separation is
driven by shortening of the
kinetochore mts, and
lengthening of the
nonkinetochore mts. |
|
|
Term
telophase
last stage of mitosis |
|
Definition
•The chromosomes
decondense, the nuclear
envelope reforms, and
cytokinesis occurs.
•The spindle apparatus
disassembles and the
interphase mt array reforms.
•The two daughter cells are
genetically identical |
|
|
Term
| In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs by a process known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– a contractile ring of actin microfilaments associates
with myosin proteins and causes the ring to contract until the cleavage pinches into two |
|
|
Term
| what forms in plant cells during cytokinesis |
|
Definition
cell plate
until it fuses with the plasma membrane splitting
the cell in two |
|
|
Term
| how do prokaryotes(bacteria and archaea) reproduce |
|
Definition
| a type of cell division called binary fission |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the chromosome replicates
(beginning at the origin of replication), and the
two daughter chromosomes actively move apart
• The plasma membrane pinches inward, dividing
the cell into two |
|
|
Term
| The sequential events of the cell cycle are directed by a |
|
Definition
distinct cell cycle control system, which is similar to a clock
• The cell cycle control system is regulated by both
internal and external controls
• The clock has specific checkpoints where the cell cycle stops until a go-ahead signal is received |
|
|
Term
| what g checkpoint seems to be the most important |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens when a cell does not receive the go ahead signal |
|
Definition
it
will exit the cycle, switching into a nondividing state called the G0 phase |
|
|
Term
| example of external signals |
|
Definition
densitydependent inhibition, in which crowded cells stop
dividing. |
|
|
Term
Most animal cells also exhibit anchorage
dependence, in which they |
|
Definition
they must be attached to a
substratum (ECM) in order to divide |
|
|
Term
| A normal cell is converted to a cancerous cell by a process called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If abnormal cells remain only at the original site, the lump is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
invade surrounding tissues and
can metastasize, exporting cancer cells to other parts of the body, where they may form additional tumors |
|
|
